蛋白/肽标签
A review of protein and peptide tags used in protein expression and protein purification, and a summary of protein/peptide tags cited in 634 publications. 蛋白标签和肽（表位）标签被广泛用于蛋白质纯化和蛋白质检测（图一）。来邦网对10432篇发表文章进行的调研中，至少有634篇引用了一种或多种蛋白/肽标签（表一）。本文将全面列举一些主要的蛋白/肽标签并对其其应用进行深入的讨论（图二）。在本文中，肽标签和表位标签是可以互换的，诸如FLAG、Myc表位和多聚组氨酸。而蛋白标签则指那些有十二个氨基酸以上的标签，例如绿色荧光蛋白。 几乎所有的蛋白制备都是通过带标签的表达载体来完成的。标签能使表达蛋白很容易地被纯化出来，标签也能影响表达蛋白的可溶性或不溶性，以及表达蛋白的活性或失活。 标签的另一个重要应用就是可用于表达蛋白的检测。没有合适抗体的蛋白，其定位和表达情况可以很方便地通过标签来检测。标签发表文章数FLAG214Myc213GFP153* HA153 GST119HIS115 V541 表一.每种主要蛋白标签或肽标签的发表文章数。*该发表文章数仅包括了GFP表达载体，没有包括GFP抗体。在设计合适的表达载体时，有一些基本的、但是很重要的考量。例如，标签的序列必须要和目标蛋白处于相同的阅读框中。在使用不同宿主时也必须考虑密码子的使用。此外，例如为了方便地切除标签或不影响表达出来的感兴趣的酶蛋白活性，还应当加入连接序列。 表达后标签并不是必须去除的，尤其是对于那些较小的肽标签或某些应用而言。有时候蛋白标签会增加靶蛋白的可溶性。 标签可以位于蛋白的任何一端。有些表位标签，诸如FLAG，通常会被串联使用来增加其各种应用，或是与诸如His-Myc、His-V5相组合，以用于更多的应用。 表二列举了发表文章中引用的主要标签以及一些重要的参数。名称氨基酸检测纯化供应商*FLAGDYKDDDDKG抗体FLAG肽段抗体：CST、 SCBT载体：LifeTech、 EMDGFP~220 aa抗体或荧光未使用载体：LifeTech抗体：请见 这里GST218抗体谷胱甘肽抗体：SCBT、Pierce、Abcam、LifeTech纯化：Pierce、EMD载体：EMDHAYPYDVPDYA抗体HA肽段抗体：SCBT、Abcam、CST、Pierce、Abgent多聚组氨酸HHHHHH抗体镍，咪唑抗体：Rockland、CST纯化：EMD His.Bind、Pierce HisPur载体：LifeTech、EMDMycEQKLISEED抗体Myc肽段抗体：SCBT、CST、Abcam、EMD、LifeTech、AbDSerotec载体：LifeTechV5GKPIPNPLLGLDST抗体V5肽段抗体：LifeTech载体：LifeTech表二.主要的蛋白标签和肽标签。*只列举了来邦网的合作者。供应商缩写：CST, Cell Signaling Technology; LifeTech, Life Technologies / Invitrogen; EMD, EMD Millipore (in US) / Merck Chemical (in the rest of the world); Pierce, Thermo Fisher Pierce; SCBT, Santa Cruz Biotechnology应用标签可用于不同的目的。几乎所有的标签都可以通过蛋白质印迹、酶联免疫吸附试验、染色质免疫沉淀、免疫细胞化学、免疫组织化学和荧光测量来用于蛋白检测，并且大多数的标签都可用于蛋白质纯化。它们中的有一些可被用于解决重要的蛋白表达问题，例如，延长蛋白质的半衰期及表达致死蛋质 [1] 。像硫氧还蛋白、poly(NANP)、MBP和GST之类的标签可以增加蛋白可溶性，而有些可以辅助将靶蛋白定位到想要的细胞区室。 [放大]图 1. 使用肽标记的蛋白质纯化的示意图。 蛋白/肽标签多聚组氨酸六个串联组氨酸可形成一个镍结合结构。标记有多聚组氨酸的蛋白可以很容易地利用对镍柱或钴柱的亲和力来纯化，并通过咪唑来洗脱。多聚组氨酸标签是用于蛋白纯化和制备最常用的方法，可用于几乎所有的表达体系，细菌、酵母、哺乳动物和昆虫体系。洗脱剂咪唑可能会影响NMR、竞争性研究和X射线晶体学研究，并会导致蛋白质聚集。多聚组氨酸表达载体一个非常普遍的做法是使用 Life Technologies/Invitrogen或Novagen/EMD Millipore/Merck Chemical的His标签表达载体，并直接将PCR产物克隆到表达载体中。 Invitrogen的pcDNA 3.1 V5-His-TOPO载体被用于研究TCDD对B细胞分化的影响 [2] ，一个具有5个功能域的Kunitz型丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂的新型抑菌功能 [3],单纯疱疹病毒DNA的稳定包装 [4] ，AMPK在昼夜节律中的作用 [5] 以及对多效表观遗传网络的抑制 [6] 。Invitrogen的pcDNA 3.1 His-V5被用于研究EphA4受体的功能 [7] 。其它Invitrogen的His标签表达载体也一直被引用到：pcDNA 3.1-Myc-his [8] 、pcDNA4/HisMaxTOPO [9] 、pcDNA6/Myc-HisA [10] 、pcDNA-DEST40 [11] 、pcDNA3.1/His [12-14] 、pBlueBacHis 2a [15] 、pEF6/V5-His TOPO [16] 、pMT/V5His [17] 以及pBAD/His B [18, 19] 。 Novagen/EMD Millipore/Merck Chemical的6xHis pET-15b载体也被用于研究UDP-N-乙酰葡糖胺2-表异构酶/N-乙酰甘露糖胺激酶 [20] 。检测在蛋白质印迹中His标签蛋白用抗His标签抗体很方便地就可以进行检测。 为了研究在蓝藻中的TCA循环，Rockland的抗His抗体被用于进行蛋白质印迹 [21] 。 为了研究E. coli中mRNA分子的细胞质运输，New England Biolabs的抗His抗体被用于进行蛋白质印迹 [22] 。 同样也一直使用来自于Anaspec [23] 、GE Healthcare [22] 、Qiagen [24] 、Roche [25] 、Sigma [26] 以及GenScript [27] 的His标签抗体。纯化树脂是His标签蛋白纯化的典型载体。 为了研究Nuc表达和亚细胞定位 [28] 、3\'-5\'外切酶活性 [29] 以及表面活性蛋白A的作用 [30] ，Novagen/EMD Millipore/Merck Chemical的His.Bind树脂被用于纯化蛋白。 为了研究MERIT40在DNA修复中的作用，Thermo Fisher Pierce的HisPur钴树脂被用于蛋白质纯化 [31] 。 GE Healthcare的HisTrap柱是广受欢迎的，并已被用于纯化DsbC和DsbG [32] ，研究IL-17免疫缺陷 [33] 、甲酸转运蛋白FocA [34] 、细菌核糖体 [35] 、昆虫内共生菌 [36] 、蛋白质赖氨酸琥珀酰化和丙二酰化 [37] 、eIF4A解旋酶活性 [26] 以及内源性葡萄膜炎中的酯酶D和脑型肌酸激酶 [38] 。 Sigma的HIS-Select镍亲和凝胶是另一种选择，并已被用于研究SUMO化体系 [39] 、merlin [40] 以及卵巢癌生物标志物 [41] 。 同样也引用了Qiagen的Ni-NTA HisSorb strips [15] 、Clontech的His60镍树脂 [27] 、Zymo Research的His-Spin protein miniprep试剂盒 [42] 。 [放大]图 2. 蛋白质/多肽标签的主要应用领域。 Myc标签包含了人类原癌基因Myc中拥有10个氨基酸的片段（EQKLISEEDL）。由于有高特异性的抗Myc单克隆抗体，它被广泛用于检测体系。它很少用于纯化。Myc标签一直被用于蛋白质印迹、免疫荧光和免疫沉淀实验。表达载体来自于Life Technologies/Invitrogen和Clonetech的表达载体是首选。Invitrogen的pcDNA 3.1-Myc-His被用于克隆全长SAP30L [8] 。而为了研究gC1qR，pcDNA6/Myc-HisA被用于克隆PCR产物 [10] 。Clontech的表达载体pCMV-Myc被用于文献 [43] 、 [44] 、 [45] 、 [46] 、 [47] 以及 [48] 。 [放大]图 3. 使用标签的ChIP实验的示意图。Myc可以通过特定的Myc抗体在蛋白质印迹、免疫细胞化学、免疫组织化学、免疫沉淀和染色质免疫沉淀测试中进行蛋白检测。 最常用的用于检测Myc标签的抗体来自于Santa Cruz。Santa Cruz的荧光共轭和非荧光共轭抗Myc抗体被用于进行蛋白质印迹，以用于研究EDS1 [27] 、UL25蛋白 [4] 、p53 [49] 、昆虫神经肽PTTH [50] 、Clr4 [51] 、PTEN [52] 、卵巢癌生物标志物 [41] 、蛋白聚合物的自噬降解 [53] 、HIF-2alpha [54] 、Smad4 [55] 、optineurin [56] 以及乳腺癌中的伤应签名 [57] ，为研究VZV IE63蛋白 [58] 、KSHV ORF蛋白 [59] 、软骨酸性蛋白1B [60] 、MERIT40 [61] 、optineurin [56] 、Bardet-Biedl综合症蛋白 [62] 以及Bmp4信号转导 [63] 进行了免疫沉淀，为了研究Bmi1 [64] 、sestrin [65] 、KT动力蛋白 [66] 、人类腺病毒 [67] 以及乳腺癌中的伤应签名 [57] 进行了免疫荧光研究，并且为了研究mRNA加工因子 [68] 、Cat8和Adr1 [69] 、乳腺癌的发生 [70] 以及HIF-2alpha [54] 进行了染色质免疫沉淀测试。Cell Signaling的抗Myc抗体被用于进行蛋白质印迹，以研究早期内涵体对Rabex-5的募集 [71] 、Dmef2活性的调控 [72] 、Duox-DuoxA异源二聚体 [73] 、Pak4 [74] 以及在发育中Cdx的活性 [75] ，并为了研究supervillin [76] 和位点1蛋白水解酶 [77] 被用于免疫细胞化学。 为了改造RNA组件 [78] 、为了研究N-钙黏着蛋白-axin-LRP5相互作用 [79] 、为了研究CTCF的 SUMO化 [80] 、为了表征ULBP5/RAET1G的两种异构体 [16] 以及为了研究Egr2突变 [81] ，Abcam的抗Myc抗体被用于蛋白质印迹，并且为了研究自噬被用于免疫沉淀 [82] 。 EMD Millipore/Upstate的抗Myc抗体为了研究错配修复以及DNA复制 [83] 和PTHR1 [84] 被用于进行蛋白质印迹，为了研究Isw1和Chd1核小体定位酶进行了染色质免疫沉淀测试 [85] 以及为了研究AMP激活的蛋白激酶进行了免疫沉淀 [86] 。 Life Technologies/Invitrogen/Molecular Probes的抗Myc抗体为了研究鸟苷酸结合蛋白 [87] 和LRRK2降解 [88] 被用于进行蛋白质印迹，以及为了研究泛素结合被用于进行免疫沉淀和免疫组化 [71] 。 为了研究小鼠皮肤伤口愈合，AbDSerotec的抗Myc抗体被用于进行蛋白质印迹 [89] 。同样也用到了来自于Sigma [27, 43, 60, 77, 90-97] 、Roche Applied Science [88, 98] 、Covance [71, 99-102] 、Bethyl laboratories [103] 、Clonetech [104] 、Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank [105] 、Immunology Consultants Laboratory [106] 和Miltenyi Biotec [107] 的Myc抗体。带有 GST标签的蛋白可以用固定的谷胱甘肽进行纯化，并通过还原性的谷胱甘肽进行洗脱（10 mM）。较大的GST标签会增加靶蛋白的可溶性。融合蛋白通常会在其它应用之前被凝血酶或Xa因子切掉标签。GST标签几乎可用于所有的表达体系，细菌、酵母、哺乳细胞和基于杆状病毒的昆虫细胞。 带标签的蛋白也可以通过抗GST抗体进行检测。检测为了研究内着丝粒 [108] 、RNA聚合酶I转录 [109] 、一个新的翻译控制序列 [110] 、严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒核衣壳蛋白 [47] 、SUMO化体系 [39] 和optineurin [56] ，Santa Cruz的抗GST抗体被用于进行蛋白质印迹分析。 为了研究p120Ras-GAP的调控，Thermo Fisher Pierce的抗GST抗体被用于进行免疫印迹分析 [111] 。 为了研究Ire1-未折叠蛋白相互作用，Abcam的抗GST抗体被用于肽阵列 [112] 。 为了研究Trim11和泛素蛋白酶体系统，Life Technologies/Zymed的单克隆抗GST抗体被用于蛋白质印迹 [92] 。 同样也引用了来自于GE Healthcare [113, 114] 、Sigma [87, 115] 、GenScript [27] 和MBL [116] 的抗GST抗体。纯化EMD Millipore的谷胱甘肽珠被用于沉淀有活性的RhoA [117] 。 为了研究液泡中的H+-ATPase，Thermo Fisher Pierce的固定化谷胱甘肽亲和珠被用于进行免疫沉淀 [103] 。 GE Healthcare/Amersham的谷胱甘肽树脂是最常见的选择。它曾被用于研究CTCF的SUMO化 [80] 、Sca-1 [118] 、痘病毒的F-box基序 [119] 、Norbin [102] 、PI3K通路 [120] 、严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒核衣壳蛋白 [47] 、SPATA7突变 [121] 、Cdc42 [122] 、AIRE [123] 、MERIT40 [61] 、p53 [124] 、SAP30L和SAP30 [8] 、丙型肝炎病毒F蛋白 [125] 、亨廷顿突变体 [126] 、SpvC [127] 、E3连接酶 [128] 、syndecan-1 [129] 、STAT2 [130] 、聚合酶I转录 [109] 、imp7 [131] 、DNA ICL修复 [132] 、RNA质量控制机制 [51] 、dysbindin-1 [133] 、肌病相关的结蛋白突变 [134] 、Pex14p [135] 、小RNA前体出核装置 [136] 、动物进化 [137] 、SERCA2 [138] 、G9a/KMT1C和jumonji-C型组蛋白去甲基化酶 [139] 、GIOT-4 [93] 、HIF-1 [140] 、Unc5B和LARG [141] 、Hsp40 [104] 、拟南芥相互作用组 [142] 、Get3-Get1/2受体复合物 [24] 、SidD [143] 、CRN-4 [144] 、RNA聚合酶II [145] 、AMPK激活 [146] 、线粒体钾通道Kv1.3 [147] 、果蝇实验模式体系中的CBP [148] 和AMP激活的蛋白激酶 [86] 。 同样也引用了来自于Sigma [27, 149] 、GenScript [27] 、Takarabio [150] 的谷胱甘肽树脂或还原性谷胱甘肽。表达载体EMD Millipore / Upstate的GST-pErk2表达载体被用于研究SpvC的功能 [127] 。 GE Healthcare/Pharmacia带有GST的pGEX载体被用于pull-down测试 [92, 151] 。 与Myc标签类似，HA标签主要在没有针对靶蛋白的检测试剂时用于蛋白检测。它是源自于人类流感病毒血凝素蛋白的一个短肽YPYDVPDYA。HA标签曾被用于蛋白质印迹、免疫荧光和免疫沉淀实验，偶尔也用于酶联免疫吸附试验和染色质免疫沉淀测试。Santa Cruz的抗HA抗体在文献 [109, 152] 中被用于进行蛋白质印迹，在文献 [56, 96] 中被用于进行蛋白质印迹和免疫沉淀，在文献 [62] 中被用于免疫沉淀以及在文献 [153] 中被用于染色质免疫沉淀测试。 Abcam的抗体HA抗体被用于进行免疫细胞化学 [154, 155] 。 为了研究PKR [156] 和Aurora B [157] ，Cell Signaling Technology的HA抗体被用于蛋白质印迹。 为了研究AML1-ETO融合蛋白，Thermo Fisher Pierce的抗HA琼脂糖被用于进行免疫沉淀 [152] 。 为了研究Blimp1，Abgent的抗HA抗体被用于蛋白质印迹 [158] 。 来自于Convance [58, 142, 159-171, 171] 、Roche [27, 58, 59, 65, 88, 172-177] 、Sigma [27, 139, 175, 178, 179] 、Bethyl laboratories [103] 、InvivoGen [180] 和Miltenyi Biotec [181] 的抗HA抗体曾被用于蛋白质印迹、免疫沉淀、染色质免疫沉淀测试、酶联免疫吸附试验和免疫荧光研究。V5表位标签，GKPIPNPLLGLDST，来自于副黏液病毒P/V蛋白。副黏液病毒，一种反义RNA病毒，会导致一些常见的人类疾病，诸如腮腺炎，麻疹，支气管炎，肺炎和哮吼。哺乳动物和昆虫表达体系通常会用到V5标签。虽然它也用于蛋白质纯化，该标签对于蛋白质检测往往是很有用的，诸如在蛋白质印迹、免疫荧光和免疫沉淀实验中。检测Life Technologies/Invitrogen的抗V5抗体被用于进行蛋白质印迹 [7, 11, 182] 和免疫沉淀 [111] 。 BD Pharmingen的抗V5抗体被用于进行蛋白质印迹 [7] 。表达载体Life Technologies/Invitrogen的pcDNA 3.1 His-V5表达载体（带有或没有TOPO或者其它基序）是经常被使用的 [2-7, 16, 70, 128, 183] 。另外被引用到的还有pLenti4-V5载体 [184] 、pLENTI6/V5 DEST [185, 186] 、pMT/V5His [17] 以及带V5标签的pcDNA-DEST40 [11] 和pCDNA5/FRT/To [187] 。纯化Sigma的V5-琼脂糖被用于蛋白质纯化 [120] 。GFP，绿色荧光蛋白，以及它的变体像EGFP，是最受欢迎的报告蛋白，并且已经被用作标签。它们要比通常的表位标签大得多。当然，带标签的蛋白可以用荧光检测，并且也可以用抗GFP抗体检测。 这里还有一篇独立的关于GFP抗体的综述。表达载体Life Technologies / Invitrogen的pcDNA 6.2-GW/EmGFP-miR被用于研究急性神经损伤后神经肌肉突触再生过程中miR-206的作用 [188] ，pCDNA3.1/NTGFP被用于丙型肝炎病毒F蛋白的降解 [125] ，pEGFP-C1表达载体被用于研究CD63分子 [189] 。 Clonetech是EGFP及其变体的表达载体的主要供应商。另外也引用了EGFP-C1 [54, 134, 190-196] 、EGFP-N1 [47, 197-205] 、EGFP-C2 [206-209] 、EGFP-N2 [210, 211] 、EGFP-N3 [200, 206, 212] 、EGFP-C3 [102, 213, 214] 、 pAcGFP1-C1 [215] 、pAcGFP1-N1 [215] 、IRES-EGFP-pA盒 [216] 、MSCV-IRES-GFP [217] 、IRES2-EGFP [218-220] 、H2B-GFP-N1 [221] 以及其它载体 [222-225] 。 还使用了Oligoengine的表达载体pSUPER-GFP [102, 226] 、Stratagene的ViraPort pFB-GFP [227] 和pShuttle-IRES-hrGFP-1 [228] 、Vector Lab的Ad-GFP [229] 和Adeno-Cre-GFP [230] 、Biosettia的pCDH-MCS1-EF1-copGFP [231] 、Genlantis的phCMV-C-GFP [2] 、System Biosciences的pMIF-cGFP-Zeo [184] 以及购自Addgene、来自个人研究者的GFP/EGFP表达载体GFP-LC3 [186] 、phBax-C3-EGFP [232] 和FoxO1-GFP [179] 。FLAGFLAG表位标签，N-DYKDDDDK-C，是第一个为用于融合蛋白而设计的表位标签，并且是唯一一个申请专利的标签。标签中多个带负电的氨基酸不太可能影响靶蛋白活性。带有FLAG标签的蛋白可以用特定的抗体M1、M3、M5来识别或回收。FLAG一直被用于细菌、酵母和哺乳动物细胞中。3 X FLAG可以改善FLAG标签的检测。N末端的FLAG标签可以通过肠激酶处理来去除。检测Cell Signaling的抗FLAG抗体被用于进行蛋白质印迹和免疫沉淀 [103, 233] 。为了研究尤文家族肿瘤细胞中EWS/ETS对dickkopf蛋白家族表达的影响，Santa Cruz的抗FLAG抗体被用于进行染色质免疫沉淀测试 [11] 。 Sigma的抗FLAG抗体被用于蛋白质印迹 [11, 24, 26, 56, 58, 65, 79, 88, 109, 139, 140, 149, 152, 165, 169, 170, 173, 177, 234-244] 、免疫组化/免疫细胞化学 [56, 150, 242, 245] 和染色质免疫沉淀测试 [68, 85, 171, 243, 246-249] 。 表达载体Life Technologies / Invitrogen基于pcDNA3的FLAG载体被用于研究严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒核衣壳蛋白 [47] 、甲状腺癌中涉及到的NF-kappaB靶基因 [250] 、RACK1和蛋白激酶C alpha在哺乳动物生物钟中的作用 [149] 以及gC1qR对线粒体中依赖于RIG-I和MDA5的抗病毒反应的影响 [10] 。Invitrogen的pFLAG-CMV5a载体被用于克隆SOSTDC1蛋白，以用于研究其在正常的人类肾细胞和肾透明细胞癌中的表达 [247] 。 EMD Millipore / Novagen的pcDNA5-FRT/TO-3xHA-3xFLAG被用于亚克隆 [101] 。 Sigma Aldrich的3X-FLAG CMV载体是用于FLAG表达最常见的选择，尤其是CMV-14 [20, 206, 235, 251] 和CMV-7 [43, 169, 238, 252] 。同样还引用了其它的载体 [26, 213, 244, 253, 254] 。 另外还引用到了Clontech的FLAG载体 [206] 和Promega的pCMV-Flag5b载体 [255] 。纯化Sigma的抗FLAG珠/亲和凝胶通常用于沉淀或纯化带有FLAG标签的蛋白 [24, 26, 31, 33, 37, 43, 61, 68, 82, 88, 92, 93, 103, 112, 119, 130, 139, 148, 152, 159, 161, 164, 196, 197, 227, 234, 240, 241, 247, 252, 256-269] 。 3 X FLAG肽可用于纯化带有FLAG标签的蛋白。Sigma的3xFLAG肽是常见的选择 [26, 33, 112, 213, 264, 266, 270] 。 为了研究E3连接酶在铁的动态平衡中的作用机制，PerkinElmer的FLAG受体珠被用于进行alphaScreen测试 [128] 。其它标签已经设计有许多的融合体系。 小泛素相关修饰蛋白(SUMO)可以改善靶蛋白的折叠和可溶性。基于三维结构（而不是基序），SUMO蛋白酶可以特异性地靶向SUMO标签。此外该蛋白酶可以切割尿素溶解的融合蛋白。 MBP，来自于E. coli K12的麦芽糖结合蛋白，可以通过直链淀粉亲和层析的一步法并用10 mM 麦芽糖进行洗脱来纯化融合蛋白。 其它标签包括硫氧还蛋白、poly(NANP)、多聚精氨酸、Strep标签、S标签、钙调素结合多肽、PurF片段、甾酮异构酶、PaP3.30和TAF12组蛋白折叠区域。切割蛋白酶关键的选择标准是该蛋白酶必须十分特异性地针对标签或连接序列，并且靶蛋白也没有识别位点。 凝血级联反应中的许多蛋白酶对基序都有严格的要求，并且能高精度地进行切割。凝血酶和Xa因子都来自于凝血级联反应。凝血酶 凝血酶是最常用的标签切割蛋白酶之一。其共有切割位点，Leu-Val-Pro-Arg-Gly-Ser，通常包含在连接区域中，一旦被切割后在融合蛋白中会有些残留的氨基酸。为了研究新一代针对疟原虫的药物，Thermo Fisher Scientific的凝血酶被用于蛋白质纯化 [271] 。 为了研究高迁移率族蛋白，Life Technologies / Invitrogen的凝血酶切割缓冲液被用于制备重组的HMGB蛋白 [12] 。 为了研究参与铁动态平衡的E3连接酶，GE Healthcare的凝血蛋白酶被用于释放GST标签 [128] 。Xa因子另一个凝血级联反应蛋白， Xa因子，也是一个从融合蛋白中切除标签的常用蛋白酶。它在共有序列I-E/D-G-R 的C末端进行剪切，因此可以将标签从靶蛋白的N端完全去除。切割温度为4至25摄氏度。为了研究S100A4的翻译后修饰，EMD Millipore / Novagen的Xa因子切割捕获试剂盒被用于GST标签 [272] 。 为了确定脱镁叶绿酸水解酶在叶片衰老过程中叶绿素分解中的效用，New England Biolabs的Xa因子被用于切割MBP融合蛋白 [273] 。 为了展示颗粒蛋白前体（progranulin）通过与肿瘤坏死因子受体的相互作用可用于治疗炎症性关节炎小鼠模型，Qiagen的Xa因子去除树脂被用于进行蛋白质纯化 [274] 。烟草蚀纹病毒TEV蛋白酶烟草蚀纹病毒是一个正义单链RNA病毒。它的蛋白酶具有特定的识别位点并能高精度地切割。它在共有序列Glu-Asn-Leu-Tyr-Phe-Gln-(Gly/Ser) (ENLYFQ(G/S))中的Gln和(Gly/Ser)间切割。其活性不会被低浓度的尿素所抑制，而低浓度的尿素可以防止蛋白聚集并增加蛋白可溶性。 为了研究小RNA前体出核装置，Life Technologies / Invitrogen TEV蛋白酶被用于去除GST标签 [136] 。肠激酶 肠激酶识别D-D-D-D-K，并在赖氨酸的羧基位点切割。FLAG标签DYKDDDK含有这样的一个位点。Li Y. Recombinant production of antimicrobial peptides in Escherichia coli: a review. Protein Expr Purif. 2011;80:260-7 pubmed publisherSchneider D, Manzan M, Crawford R, Chen W, Kaminski N. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-mediated impairment of B cell differentiation involves dysregulation of paired box 5 (Pax5) isoform, Pax5a. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008;326:463-74 pubmed publisherCeraul S, Dreher-Lesnick S, Mulenga A, Rahman M, Azad A. Functional characterization and novel rickettsiostatic effects of a Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor from the tick Dermacentor variabilis. Infect Immun. 2008;76:5429-35 pubmed publisherCockrell S, Sanchez M, Erazo A, Homa F. Role of the UL25 protein in herpes simplex virus DNA encapsidation. J Virol. 2009;83:47-57 pubmed publisherLamia K, Sachdeva U, DiTacchio L, Williams E, Alvarez J, Egan D, et al. AMPK regulates the circadian clock by cryptochrome phosphorylation and degradation. Science. 2009;326:437-40 pubmed publisherCorlazzoli F, Rossetti S, Bistulfi G, Ren M, Sacchi N. Derangement of a factor upstream of RARalpha triggers the repression of a pleiotropic epigenetic network. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e4305 pubmed publisherFurne C, Ricard J, Cabrera J, Pays L, Bethea J, Mehlen P, et al. EphrinB3 is an anti-apoptotic ligand that inhibits the dependence receptor functions of EphA4 receptors during adult neurogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009;1793:231-8 pubmed publisherViiri K, J??nis J, Siggers T, Heinonen T, Valjakka J, Bulyk M, et al. DNA-binding and -bending activities of SAP30L and SAP30 are mediated by a zinc-dependent module and monophosphoinositides. Mol Cell Biol. 2009;29:342-56 pubmed publisherLam W, Tang J, Yeung A, Chiu L, Sung J, Chan P. Avian influenza virus A/HK/483/97(H5N1) NS1 protein induces apoptosis in human airway epithelial cells. J Virol. 2008;82:2741-51 pubmed publisherXu L, Xiao N, Liu F, Ren H, Gu J. Inhibition of RIG-I and MDA5-dependent antiviral response by gC1qR at mitochondria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:1530-5 pubmed publisherMiyagawa Y, Okita H, Itagaki M, Toyoda M, Katagiri Y, Fujimoto J, et al. EWS/ETS regulates the expression of the Dickkopf family in Ewing family tumor cells. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e4634 pubmed publisherYamoah K, Brebene A, Baliram R, Inagaki K, Dolios G, Arabi A, et al. High-mobility group box proteins modulate tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression in osteoclastogenesis via a novel deoxyribonucleic acid sequence. Mol Endocrinol. 2008;22:1141-53 pubmed publisherZhang X, Chen H, Jaramillo E, Wang L, D\'MELLO S. Histone deacetylase-related protein inhibits AES-mediated neuronal cell death by direct interaction. J Neurosci Res. 2008;86:2423-31 pubmed publisherDutta J, Fan G, Gelinas C. CAPERalpha is a novel Rel-TAD-interacting factor that inhibits lymphocyte transformation by the potent Rel/NF-kappaB oncoprotein v-Rel. J Virol. 2008;82:10792-802 pubmed publisherHeisel S, Ketter R, Keller A, Klein V, Pallasch C, Lenhof H, et al. Increased seroreactivity to glioma-expressed antigen 2 in brain tumor patients under radiation. PLoS ONE. 2008;3:e2164 pubmed publisherEagle R, Flack G, Warford A, Martinez-Borra J, Jafferji I, Traherne J, et al. Cellular expression, trafficking, and function of two isoforms of human ULBP5/RAET1G. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e4503 pubmed publisherWartlick O, Mumcu P, Kicheva A, Bittig T, Seum C, Jülicher F, et al. Dynamics of Dpp signaling and proliferation control. Science. 2011;331:1154-9 pubmed publisherMohd-Sarip A, Lagarou A, Doyen C, van der Knaap J, Aslan U, Bezstarosti K, et al. Transcription-independent function of Polycomb group protein PSC in cell cycle control. Science. 2012;336:744-7 pubmed publisherVos M, Esposito G, Edirisinghe J, Vilain S, Haddad D, Slabbaert J, et al. Vitamin K2 is a mitochondrial electron carrier that rescues pink1 deficiency. Science. 2012;336:1306-10 pubmed publisherKudryashev M, Stenta M, Schmelz S, Amstutz M, Wiesand U, Casta??o-Diez D, et al. In situ structural analysis of the Yersinia enterocolitica injectisome. elife. 2013;2:e00792 pubmed publisherDas M, Drake T, Wiley D, Buchwald P, Vavylonis D, Verde F. Oscillatory dynamics of Cdc42 GTPase in the control of polarized growth. Science. 2012;337:239-43 pubmed publisherZhao Y, Araki S, Wu J, Teramoto T, Chang Y, Nakano M, et al. An expanded palette of genetically encoded Ca???? indicators. Science. 2011;333:1888-91 pubmed publisherGallant C, Sedic M, Chicoine E, Ruiz T, Mintz K. Membrane morphology and leukotoxin secretion are associated with a novel membrane protein of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. J Bacteriol. 2008;190:5972-80 pubmed publisherAmsili S, Zer H, Hinderlich S, Krause S, Becker-Cohen M, MacArthur D, et al. UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase (GNE) binds to alpha-actinin 1: novel pathways in skeletal muscle?. PLoS ONE. 2008;3:e2477 pubmed publisherZhang S, Bryant D. The tricarboxylic acid cycle in cyanobacteria. Science. 2011;334:1551-3 pubmed publisherNevo-Dinur K, Nussbaum-Shochat A, Ben-Yehuda S, Amster-Choder O. Translation-independent localization of mRNA in E. coli. Science. 2011;331:1081-4 pubmed publisherFang W, VEGA-RODRIGUEZ J, Ghosh A, Jacobs-Lorena M, KANG A, St Leger R. Development of transgenic fungi that kill human malaria parasites in mosquitoes. Science. 2011;331:1074-7 pubmed publisherStefer S, Reitz S, Wang F, Wild K, Pang Y, Schwarz D, et al. Structural basis for tail-anchored membrane protein biogenesis by the Get3-receptor complex. Science. 2011;333:758-62 pubmed publisherSha Y, Pandit L, Zeng S, Eissa N. A critical role for CHIP in the aggresome pathway. Mol Cell Biol. 2009;29:116-28 pubmed publisherCruz-Migoni A, Hautbergue G, Artymiuk P, Baker P, Bokori-Brown M, Chang C, et al. A Burkholderia pseudomallei toxin inhibits helicase activity of translation factor eIF4A. Science. 2011;334:821-4 pubmed publisherBhattacharjee S, Halane M, Kim S, Gassmann W. Pathogen effectors target Arabidopsis EDS1 and alter its interactions with immune regulators. Science. 2011;334:1405-8 pubmed publisherLeclerc P, Biarc J, St-Onge M, Gilbert C, Dussault A, Laflamme C, et al. Nucleobindin co-localizes and associates with cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in human neutrophils. PLoS ONE. 2008;3:e2229 pubmed publisherNakane S, Nakagawa N, Kuramitsu S, Masui R. Characterization of DNA polymerase X from Thermus thermophilus HB8 reveals the POLXc and PHP domains are both required for 3\'-5\' exonuclease activity. Nucleic Acids Res. 2009;37:2037-52 pubmed publisherLinke M, Ashbaugh A, Demland J, Walzer P. Pneumocystis murina colonization in immunocompetent surfactant protein A deficient mice following environmental exposure. Respir Res. 2009;10:10 pubmed publisherShao G, Patterson-Fortin J, Messick T, Feng D, Shanbhag N, Wang Y, et al. MERIT40 controls BRCA1-Rap80 complex integrity and recruitment to DNA double-strand breaks. Genes Dev. 2009;23:740-54 pubmed publisherPrevis M, Beck Previs S, Gulick J, Robbins J, Warshaw D. Molecular mechanics of cardiac myosin-binding protein C in native thick filaments. Science. 2012;337:1215-8 pubmed publisherDepuydt M, Leonard S, Vertommen D, Denoncin K, Morsomme P, Wahni K, et al. A periplasmic reducing system protects single cysteine residues from oxidation. Science. 2009;326:1109-11 pubmed publisherPuel A, Cypowyj S, Bustamante J, Wright J, Liu L, Lim H, et al. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis in humans with inborn errors of interleukin-17 immunity. Science. 2011;332:65-8 pubmed publisherLu W, Du J, Wacker T, Gerbig-Smentek E, Andrade S, Einsle O. pH-dependent gating in a FocA formate channel. Science. 2011;332:352-4 pubmed publisherDunkle J, Wang L, Feldman M, Pulk A, Chen V, Kapral G, et al. Structures of the bacterial ribosome in classical and hybrid states of tRNA binding. Science. 2011;332:981-4 pubmed publisherLogin F, Balmand S, Vallier A, Vincent-Monegat C, Vigneron A, Weiss-Gayet M, et al. Antimicrobial peptides keep insect endosymbionts under control. Science. 2011;334:362-5 pubmed publisherDu J, Zhou Y, Su X, Yu J, Khan S, Jiang H, et al. Sirt5 is a NAD-dependent protein lysine demalonylase and desuccinylase. Science. 2011;334:806-9 pubmed publisherOkunuki Y, Usui Y, Kezuka T, Hattori T, Masuko K, Nakamura H, et al. Proteomic surveillance of retinal autoantigens in endogenous uveitis: implication of esterase D and brain-type creatine kinase as novel autoantigens. Mol Vis. 2008;14:1094-104 pubmedGagnon M, Seetharaman S, Bulkley D, Steitz T. Structural basis for the rescue of stalled ribosomes: structure of YaeJ bound to the ribosome. Science. 2012;335:1370-2 pubmed publisherLaganowsky A, Liu C, Sawaya M, Whitelegge J, Park J, Zhao M, et al. Atomic view of a toxic amyloid small oligomer. Science. 2012;335:1228-31 pubmed publisherLai Y, Cascio D, Yeates T. Structure of a 16-nm cage designed by using protein oligomers. Science. 2012;336:1129 pubmed publisherHawley S, Fullerton M, Ross F, Schertzer J, Chevtzoff C, Walker K, et al. The ancient drug salicylate directly activates AMP-activated protein kinase. Science. 2012;336:918-22 pubmed publisherLazarus J, Moughamian A, Tokito M, Holzbaur E. Dynactin subunit p150(Glued) is a neuron-specific anti-catastrophe factor. PLoS Biol. 2013;11:e1001611 pubmed publisherIwig J, Vercoulen Y, Das R, Barros T, Limnander A, Che Y, et al. Structural analysis of autoinhibition in the Ras-specific exchange factor RasGRP1. elife. 2013;2:e00813 pubmed publisherKing N, Sheffler W, Sawaya M, Vollmar B, Sumida J, Andre I, et al. Computational design of self-assembling protein nanomaterials with atomic level accuracy. Science. 2012;336:1171-4 pubmed publisherWang Y, Ladunga I, Miller A, Horken K, Plucinak T, Weeks D, et al. The small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) and SUMO-conjugating system of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Genetics. 2008;179:177-92 pubmed publisherHoushmandi S, Emnett R, Giovannini M, Gutmann D. The neurofibromatosis 2 protein, merlin, regulates glial cell growth in an ErbB2- and Src-dependent manner. Mol Cell Biol. 2009;29:1472-86 pubmed publisherScholler N, Gross J, Garvik B, Wells L, Liu Y, Loch C, et al. Use of cancer-specific yeast-secreted in vivo biotinylated recombinant antibodies for serum biomarker discovery. J Transl Med. 2008;6:41 pubmed publisherLee G, Bratkowski M, Ding F, Ke A, Ha T. Elastic coupling between RNA degradation and unwinding by an exoribonuclease. Science. 2012;336:1726-9 pubmed publisherPolikanov Y, Blaha G, Steitz T. How hibernation factors RMF, HPF, and YfiA turn off protein synthesis. Science. 2012;336:915-8 pubmed publisherWang W, Li G, Chen C, Xie X, Zhuang X. Chromosome organization by a nucleoid-associated protein in live bacteria. Science. 2011;333:1445-9 pubmed publisherYao P, Potdar A, Ray P, Eswarappa S, Flagg A, Willard B, et al. The HILDA complex coordinates a conditional switch in the 3\'-untranslated region of the VEGFA mRNA. PLoS Biol. 2013;11:e1001635 pubmed publisherYi W, Clark P, Mason D, Keenan M, Hill C, Goddard W, et al. Phosphofructokinase 1 glycosylation regulates cell growth and metabolism. Science. 2012;337:975-80 pubmed publisherMisawa T, Arima K, Mizusawa H, Satoh J. Close association of water channel AQP1 with amyloid-beta deposition in Alzheimer disease brains. Acta Neuropathol. 2008;116:247-60 pubmed publisherKitareewan S, Blumen S, Sekula D, Bissonnette R, Lamph W, Cui Q, et al. G0S2 is an all-trans-retinoic acid target gene. Int J Oncol. 2008;33:397-404 pubmedBisbal M, Wojnacki J, Peretti D, Ropolo A, Sesma J, Jausoro I, et al. KIF4 mediates anterograde translocation and positioning of ribosomal constituents to axons. J Biol Chem. 2009;284:9489-97 pubmed publisherLosick V, Stephan K, Smirnova I, Isberg R, Poltorak A. A hemidominant Naip5 allele in mouse strain MOLF/Ei-derived macrophages restricts Legionella pneumophila intracellular growth. Infect Immun. 2009;77:196-204 pubmed publisherZhou B, Liu J, Wang Q, Liu X, Li X, Li P, et al. The nucleocapsid protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus inhibits cell cytokinesis and proliferation by interacting with translation elongation factor 1alpha. J Virol. 2008;82:6962-71 pubmed publisherLi X, Huang M, Zheng H, Wang Y, Ren F, Shang Y, et al. CHIP promotes Runx2 degradation and negatively regulates osteoblast differentiation. J Cell Biol. 2008;181:959-72 pubmed publisherRodriguez R, Rubio R, Masip M, Catalina P, Nieto A, de la Cueva T, et al. Loss of p53 induces tumorigenesis in p21-deficient mesenchymal stem cells. Neoplasia. 2009;11:397-407 pubmedRewitz K, Yamanaka N, Gilbert L, O\'CONNOR M. The insect neuropeptide PTTH activates receptor tyrosine kinase torso to initiate metamorphosis. Science. 2009;326:1403-5 pubmed publisherZhang K, Fischer T, Porter R, Dhakshnamoorthy J, Zofall M, Zhou M, et al. Clr4/Suv39 and RNA quality control factors cooperate to trigger RNAi and suppress antisense RNA. Science. 2011;331:1624-7 pubmed publisherLovén J, Zinin N, Wahlstr??m T, Müller I, Brodin P, Fredlund E, et al. MYCN-regulated microRNAs repress estrogen receptor-alpha (ESR1) expression and neuronal differentiation in human neuroblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107:1553-8 pubmed publisherFilimonenko M, Stuffers S, Raiborg C, Yamamoto A, Maler??d L, Fisher E, et al. Functional multivesicular bodies are required for autophagic clearance of protein aggregates associated with neurodegenerative disease. J Cell Biol. 2007;179:485-500 pubmedMahajan S, Dammai V, Hsu T, Kraft A. Hypoxia-inducible factor-2alpha regulates the expression of TRAIL receptor DR5 in renal cancer cells. Carcinogenesis. 2008;29:1734-41 pubmed publisherYang L, Wang L, Yang X. Disruption of Smad4 in mouse epidermis leads to depletion of follicle stem cells. Mol Biol Cell. 2009;20:882-90 pubmed publisherWild P, Farhan H, McEwan D, Wagner S, Rogov V, Brady N, et al. Phosphorylation of the autophagy receptor optineurin restricts Salmonella growth. Science. 2011;333:228-33 pubmed publisherAdler A, Lin M, Horlings H, Nuyten D, van de Vijver M, Chang H. Genetic regulators of large-scale transcriptional signatures in cancer. Nat Genet. 2006;38:421-30 pubmedAmbagala A, Bosma T, Ali M, Poustovoitov M, Chen J, Gershon M, et al. Varicella-zoster virus immediate-early 63 protein interacts with human antisilencing function 1 protein and alters its ability to bind histones h3.1 and h3.3. J Virol. 2009;83:200-9 pubmed publisherFukata Y, Adesnik H, Iwanaga T, Bredt D, Nicoll R, Fukata M. Epilepsy-related ligand/receptor complex LGI1 and ADAM22 regulate synaptic transmission. Science. 2006;313:1792-5 pubmedSato Y, Iketani M, Kurihara Y, Yamaguchi M, Yamashita N, Nakamura F, et al. Cartilage acidic protein-1B (LOTUS), an endogenous Nogo receptor antagonist for axon tract formation. Science. 2011;333:769-73 pubmed publisherFeng L, Huang J, Chen J. MERIT40 facilitates BRCA1 localization and DNA damage repair. Genes Dev. 2009;23:719-28 pubmed publisherSeo S, Guo D, Bugge K, Morgan D, Rahmouni K, Sheffield V. Requirement of Bardet-Biedl syndrome proteins for leptin receptor signaling. Hum Mol Genet. 2009;18:1323-31 pubmed publisherKelley R, Ren R, Pi X, Wu Y, Moreno I, Willis M, et al. A concentration-dependent endocytic trap and sink mechanism converts Bmper from an activator to an inhibitor of Bmp signaling. J Cell Biol. 2009;184:597-609 pubmed publisherBecker M, Korn C, Sienerth A, Voswinckel R, Luetkenhaus K, Ceteci F, et al. Polycomb group protein Bmi1 is required for growth of RAF driven non-small-cell lung cancer. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e4230 pubmed publisherLee J, Budanov A, Park E, Birse R, Kim T, Perkins G, et al. Sestrin as a feedback inhibitor of TOR that prevents age-related pathologies. Science. 2010;327:1223-8 pubmed publisherChan Y, Fava L, Uldschmid A, Schmitz M, Gerlich D, Nigg E, et al. Mitotic control of kinetochore-associated dynein and spindle orientation by human Spindly. J Cell Biol. 2009;185:859-74 pubmed publisherBurré J, Sharma M, Tsetsenis T, Buchman V, Etherton M, Sudhof T. Alpha-synuclein promotes SNARE-complex assembly in vivo and in vitro. Science. 2010;329:1663-7 pubmed publisherZofall M, Yamanaka S, Reyes-Turcu F, Zhang K, Rubin C, Grewal S. RNA elimination machinery targeting meiotic mRNAs promotes facultative heterochromatin formation. Science. 2012;335:96-100 pubmed publisherBiddick R, Law G, Young E. Adr1 and Cat8 mediate coactivator recruitment and chromatin remodeling at glucose-regulated genes. PLoS ONE. 2008;3:e1436 pubmed publisherButt A, Sergio C, Inman C, Anderson L, McNeil C, Russell A, et al. The estrogen and c-Myc target gene HSPC111 is over-expressed in breast cancer and associated with poor patient outcome. Breast Cancer Res. 2008;10:R28 pubmed publisherDelebecque C, Lindner A, Silver P, Aldaye F. Organization of intracellular reactions with rationally designed RNA assemblies. Science. 2011;333:470-4 pubmed publisherHay E, Laplantine E, Geoffroy V, Frain M, Kohler T, Muller R, et al. N-cadherin interacts with axin and LRP5 to negatively regulate Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, osteoblast function, and bone formation. Mol Cell Biol. 2009;29:953-64 pubmed publisherMacPherson M, Beatty L, Zhou W, Du M, Sadowski P. The CTCF insulator protein is posttranslationally modified by SUMO. Mol Cell Biol. 2009;29:714-25 pubmed publisherBaloh R, Strickland A, Ryu E, Le N, Fahrner T, Yang M, et al. Congenital hypomyelinating neuropathy with lethal conduction failure in mice carrying the Egr2 I268N mutation. J Neurosci. 2009;29:2312-21 pubmed publisherChan E, Longatti A, McKnight N, Tooze S. Kinase-inactivated ULK proteins inhibit autophagy via their conserved C-terminal domains using an Atg13-independent mechanism. Mol Cell Biol. 2009;29:157-71 pubmed publisherHombauer H, Srivatsan A, Putnam C, Kolodner R. Mismatch repair, but not heteroduplex rejection, is temporally coupled to DNA replication. Science. 2011;334:1713-6 pubmed publisherThomas B, Woznica I, Mierke D, Wittelsberger A, Rosenblatt M. Conformational changes in the parathyroid hormone receptor associated with activation by agonist. Mol Endocrinol. 2008;22:1154-62 pubmed publisherGkikopoulos T, Schofield P, Singh V, Pinskaya M, Mellor J, Smolle M, et al. A role for Snf2-related nucleosome-spacing enzymes in genome-wide nucleosome organization. Science. 2011;333:1758-60 pubmed publisherAmato S, Liu X, Zheng B, Cantley L, Rakic P, Man H. AMP-activated protein kinase regulates neuronal polarization by interfering with PI 3-kinase localization. Science. 2011;332:247-51 pubmed publisherKim B, Shenoy A, Kumar P, Das R, Tiwari S, MacMicking J. A family of IFN-γ-inducible 65-kD GTPases protects against bacterial infection. Science. 2011;332:717-21 pubmed publisherKo H, Bailey R, Smith W, Liu Z, Shin J, Lee Y, et al. CHIP regulates leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 ubiquitination, degradation, and toxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:2897-902 pubmed publisherMattera R, Bonifacino J. Ubiquitin binding and conjugation regulate the recruitment of Rabex-5 to early endosomes. EMBO J. 2008;27:2484-94 pubmed publisherShaw T, Martin P. Epigenetic reprogramming during wound healing: loss of polycomb-mediated silencing may enable upregulation of repair genes. EMBO Rep. 2009;10:881-6 pubmed publisherDeng H, Hughes S, Bell J, Simmonds A. Alternative requirements for Vestigial, Scalloped, and Dmef2 during muscle differentiation in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Biol Cell. 2009;20:256-69 pubmed publisherLuxen S, Noack D, Frausto M, Davanture S, Torbett B, Knaus U. Heterodimerization controls localization of Duox-DuoxA NADPH oxidases in airway cells. J Cell Sci. 2009;122:1238-47 pubmed publisherPaliouras G, Naujokas M, Park M. Pak4, a novel Gab1 binding partner, modulates cell migration and invasion by the Met receptor. Mol Cell Biol. 2009;29:3018-32 pubmed publisherFaas L, Isaacs H. Overlapping functions of Cdx1, Cdx2, and Cdx4 in the development of the amphibian Xenopus tropicalis. Dev Dyn. 2009;238:835-52 pubmed publisherCrowley J, Smith T, Fang Z, Takizawa N, Luna E. Supervillin reorganizes the actin cytoskeleton and increases invadopodial efficiency. Mol Biol Cell. 2009;20:948-62 pubmed publisherMarschner K, Kollmann K, Schweizer M, Braulke T, Pohl S. A key enzyme in the biogenesis of lysosomes is a protease that regulates cholesterol metabolism. Science. 2011;333:87-90 pubmed publisherHan A, Song Z, Tong C, Hu D, Bi X, Augenlicht L, et al. Sulindac suppresses beta-catenin expression in human cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008;583:26-31 pubmed publisherSahin O, Frohlich H, L??bke C, Korf U, Burmester S, Majety M, et al. Modeling ERBB receptor-regulated G1/S transition to find novel targets for de novo trastuzumab resistance. BMC Syst Biol. 2009;3:1 pubmed publisherTuoc T, Stoykova A. Trim11 modulates the function of neurogenic transcription factor Pax6 through ubiquitin-proteosome system. Genes Dev. 2008;22:1972-86 pubmed publisherKouzu-Fujita M, Mezaki Y, Sawatsubashi S, Matsumoto T, Yamaoka I, Yano T, et al. Coactivation of estrogen receptor beta by gonadotropin-induced cofactor GIOT-4. Mol Cell Biol. 2009;29:83-92 pubmed publisherXu L, Chen Y, Song Q, Xu D, Wang Y, Ma D. PDCD5 interacts with Tip60 and functions as a cooperator in acetyltransferase activity and DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Neoplasia. 2009;11:345-54 pubmedZeqiraj E, Filippi B, Deak M, Alessi D, van Aalten D. Structure of the LKB1-STRAD-MO25 complex reveals an allosteric mechanism of kinase activation. Science. 2009;326:1707-11 pubmed publisherChen Y, Sasai N, Ma G, Yue T, Jia J, Briscoe J, et al. Sonic Hedgehog dependent phosphorylation by CK1α and GRK2 is required for ciliary accumulation and activation of smoothened. PLoS Biol. 2011;9:e1001083 pubmed publisherXiong H, Wang D, Chen L, Choo Y, Ma H, Tang C, et al. Parkin, PINK1, and DJ-1 form a ubiquitin E3 ligase complex promoting unfolded protein degradation. J Clin Invest. 2009;119:650-60 pubmed publisherRan F, Bali M, Michels C. Hsp90/Hsp70 chaperone machine regulation of the Saccharomyces MAL-activator as determined in vivo using noninducible and constitutive mutant alleles. Genetics. 2008;179:331-43 pubmed publisherTopisirovic I, Siddiqui N, Orolicki S, Skrabanek L, Tremblay M, Hoang T, et al. Stability of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E mRNA is regulated by HuR, and this activity is dysregulated in cancer. Mol Cell Biol. 2009;29:1152-62 pubmed publisherSavas J, Makusky A, Ottosen S, Baillat D, Then F, Krainc D, et al. Huntington\'s disease protein contributes to RNA-mediated gene silencing through association with Argonaute and P bodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105:10820-5 pubmed publisherVashisht A, Zumbrennen K, Huang X, Powers D, Durazo A, Sun D, et al. Control of iron homeostasis by an iron-regulated ubiquitin ligase. Science. 2009;326:718-21 pubmed publisherWang H, Westin L, Nong Y, Birnbaum S, Bendor J, Brismar H, et al. Norbin is an endogenous regulator of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 signaling. Science. 2009;326:1554-7 pubmed publisherZoncu R, Bar-Peled L, Efeyan A, Wang S, Sancak Y, Sabatini D. mTORC1 senses lysosomal amino acids through an inside-out mechanism that requires the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase. Science. 2011;334:678-83 pubmed publisherGibbs S, Barren B, Beck K, Proft J, Zhao X, Noskova T, et al. Hsp40 couples with the CSPalpha chaperone complex upon induction of the heat shock response. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e4595 pubmed publisherKuiper J, van Horssen R, Oerlemans F, Peters W, van Dommelen M, te Lindert M, et al. Local ATP generation by brain-type creatine kinase (CK-B) facilitates cell motility. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e5030 pubmed publisherAzoitei M, Correia B, Ban Y, Carrico C, Kalyuzhniy O, Chen L, et al. Computation-guided backbone grafting of a discontinuous motif onto a protein scaffold. Science. 2011;334:373-6 pubmed publisherFleishman S, Whitehead T, Ekiert D, Dreyfus C, Corn J, Strauch E, et al. Computational design of proteins targeting the conserved stem region of influenza hemagglutinin. Science. 2011;332:816-21 pubmed publisherYamagishi Y, Honda T, Tanno Y, Watanabe Y. Two histone marks establish the inner centromere and chromosome bi-orientation. Science. 2010;330:239-43 pubmed publisherKnutson B, Hahn S. Yeast Rrn7 and human TAF1B are TFIIB-related RNA polymerase I general transcription factors. Science. 2011;333:1637-40 pubmed publisherWang Y, Charlesworth A, Byrd S, Gregerson R, MacNicol M, MacNicol A. A novel mRNA 3\' untranslated region translational control sequence regulates Xenopus Wee1 mRNA translation. Dev Biol. 2008;317:454-66 pubmed publisherYang X, Guan M, Vigil D, Der C, Lowy D, Popescu N. p120Ras-GAP binds the DLC1 Rho-GAP tumor suppressor protein and inhibits its RhoA GTPase and growth-suppressing activities. Oncogene. 2009;28:1401-9 pubmed publisherGardner B, Walter P. Unfolded proteins are Ire1-activating ligands that directly induce the unfolded protein response. Science. 2011;333:1891-4 pubmed publisherTonkin M, Roques M, Lamarque M, Pugniere M, Douguet D, Crawford J, et al. Host cell invasion by apicomplexan parasites: insights from the co-structure of AMA1 with a RON2 peptide. Science. 2011;333:463-7 pubmed publisherUrano-Tashiro Y, Yajima A, Takashima E, Takahashi Y, Konishi K. Binding of the Streptococcus gordonii DL1 surface protein Hsa to the host cell membrane glycoproteins CD11b, CD43, and CD50. Infect Immun. 2008;76:4686-91 pubmed publisherSzijgyarto Z, Garedew A, Azevedo C, Saiardi A. Influence of inositol pyrophosphates on cellular energy dynamics. Science. 2011;334:802-5 pubmed publisherHokaiwado N, Takeshita F, Naiki-Ito A, Asamoto M, Ochiya T, Shirai T. Glutathione S-transferase Pi mediates proliferation of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. Carcinogenesis. 2008;29:1134-8 pubmed publisherde Jesus Perez V, Alastalo T, Wu J, Axelrod J, Cooke J, Amieva M, et al. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 induces pulmonary angiogenesis via Wnt-beta-catenin and Wnt-RhoA-Rac1 pathways. J Cell Biol. 2009;184:83-99 pubmed publisherEpting C, King F, Pedersen A, Zaman J, Ritner C, Bernstein H. Stem cell antigen-1 localizes to lipid microdomains and associates with insulin degrading enzyme in skeletal myoblasts. J Cell Physiol. 2008;217:250-60 pubmed publisherSonnberg S, Seet B, Pawson T, Fleming S, Mercer A. Poxvirus ankyrin repeat proteins are a unique class of F-box proteins that associate with cellular SCF1 ubiquitin ligase complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105:10955-60 pubmed publisherFine B, Hodakoski C, Koujak S, Su T, Saal L, Maurer M, et al. Activation of the PI3K pathway in cancer through inhibition of PTEN by exchange factor P-REX2a. Science. 2009;325:1261-5 pubmed publisherWang H, den Hollander A, Moayedi Y, Abulimiti A, Li Y, Collin R, et al. Mutations in SPATA7 cause Leber congenital amaurosis and juvenile retinitis pigmentosa. Am J Hum Genet. 2009;84:380-7 pubmed publisherKodani A, Kristensen I, Huang L, Sutterlin C. GM130-dependent control of Cdc42 activity at the Golgi regulates centrosome organization. Mol Biol Cell. 2009;20:1192-200 pubmed publisherOrg T, Chignola F, Hetényi C, Gaetani M, Rebane A, Liiv I, et al. The autoimmune regulator PHD finger binds to non-methylated histone H3K4 to activate gene expression. EMBO Rep. 2008;9:370-6 pubmed publisherBereczki O, Ujfaludi Z, Pardi N, Nagy Z, Tora L, Boros I, et al. TATA binding protein associated factor 3 (TAF3) interacts with p53 and inhibits its function. BMC Mol Biol. 2008;9:57 pubmed publisherYuksek K, Chen W, Chien D, Ou J. Ubiquitin-independent degradation of hepatitis C virus F protein. J Virol. 2009;83:612-21 pubmed publisherSouthwell A, Khoshnan A, Dunn D, Bugg C, Lo D, Patterson P. Intrabodies binding the proline-rich domains of mutant huntingtin increase its turnover and reduce neurotoxicity. J Neurosci. 2008;28:9013-20 pubmed publisherMazurkiewicz P, Thomas J, Thompson J, Liu M, Arbibe L, Sansonetti P, et al. SpvC is a Salmonella effector with phosphothreonine lyase activity on host mitogen-activated protein kinases. Mol Microbiol. 2008;67:1371-83 pubmed publisherSalahudeen A, Thompson J, Ruiz J, Ma H, Kinch L, Li Q, et al. An E3 ligase possessing an iron-responsive hemerythrin domain is a regulator of iron homeostasis. Science. 2009;326:722-6 pubmed publisherBeauvais D, Ell B, McWhorter A, Rapraeger A. Syndecan-1 regulates alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta5 integrin activation during angiogenesis and is blocked by synstatin, a novel peptide inhibitor. J Exp Med. 2009;206:691-705 pubmed publisherRamachandran A, Parisien J, Horvath C. STAT2 is a primary target for measles virus V protein-mediated alpha/beta interferon signaling inhibition. J Virol. 2008;82:8330-8 pubmed publisherZaitseva L, Cherepanov P, Leyens L, Wilson S, Rasaiyaah J, Fassati A. HIV-1 exploits importin 7 to maximize nuclear import of its DNA genome. Retrovirology. 2009;6:11 pubmed publisherLong D, Raschle M, Joukov V, Walter J. Mechanism of RAD51-dependent DNA interstrand cross-link repair. Science. 2011;333:84-7 pubmed publisherOyama S, Yamakawa H, Sasagawa N, Hosoi Y, Futai E, Ishiura S. Dysbindin-1, a schizophrenia-related protein, functionally interacts with the DNA- dependent protein kinase complex in an isoform-dependent manner. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e4199 pubmed publisherConover G, Henderson S, Gregorio C. A myopathy-linked desmin mutation perturbs striated muscle actin filament architecture. Mol Biol Cell. 2009;20:834-45 pubmed publisherSu J, Takeda K, Tamura S, Fujiki Y, Miki K. Crystal structure of the conserved N-terminal domain of the peroxisomal matrix protein import receptor, Pex14p. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:417-21 pubmed publisherOkada C, Yamashita E, Lee S, Shibata S, Katahira J, Nakagawa A, et al. A high-resolution structure of the pre-microRNA nuclear export machinery. Science. 2009;326:1275-9 pubmed publisherDickinson D, Nelson W, Weis W. A polarized epithelium organized by beta- and alpha-catenin predates cadherin and metazoan origins. Science. 2011;331:1336-9 pubmed publisherVafiadaki E, Arvanitis D, Pagakis S, Papalouka V, Sanoudou D, Kontrogianni-Konstantopoulos A, et al. The anti-apoptotic protein HAX-1 interacts with SERCA2 and regulates its protein levels to promote cell survival. Mol Biol Cell. 2009;20:306-18 pubmed publisherTrojer P, Zhang J, Yonezawa M, Schmidt A, Zheng H, Jenuwein T, et al. Dynamic Histone H1 Isotype 4 Methylation and Demethylation by Histone Lysine Methyltransferase G9a/KMT1C and the Jumonji Domain-containing JMJD2/KDM4 Proteins. J Biol Chem. 2009;284:8395-405 pubmed publisherLee K, Qian D, Rey S, Wei H, Liu J, Semenza G. Anthracycline chemotherapy inhibits HIF-1 transcriptional activity and tumor-induced mobilization of circulating angiogenic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:2353-8 pubmed publisherHata K, Kaibuchi K, Inagaki S, Yamashita T. Unc5B associates with LARG to mediate the action of repulsive guidance molecule. J Cell Biol. 2009;184:737-50 pubmed publisherBalumuri P, Bautista V, Chesnut J, Kim R, de los Reyes C, Gilles P, et al. Evidence for network evolution in an Arabidopsis interactome map. Science. 2011;333:601-7 pubmed publisherNeunuebel M, Chen Y, Gaspar A, Backlund P, Yergey A, Machner M. De-AMPylation of the small GTPase Rab1 by the pathogen Legionella pneumophila. Science. 2011;333:453-6 pubmed publisherHsiao Y, Nakagawa A, Shi Z, Mitani S, Xue D, Yuan H. Crystal structure of CRN-4: implications for domain function in apoptotic DNA degradation. Mol Cell Biol. 2009;29:448-57 pubmed publisherSims R, Rojas L, Beck D, Bonasio R, Schüller R, Drury W, et al. The C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II is modified by site-specific methylation. Science. 2011;332:99-103 pubmed publisherOakhill J, Steel R, Chen Z, Scott J, Ling N, Tam S, et al. AMPK is a direct adenylate charge-regulated protein kinase. Science. 2011;332:1433-5 pubmed publisherSzabo I, Bock J, Grassme H, Soddemann M, Wilker B, Lang F, et al. Mitochondrial potassium channel Kv1.3 mediates Bax-induced apoptosis in lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105:14861-6 pubmed publisherZhao Y, Takeyama K, Sawatsubashi S, Ito S, Suzuki E, Yamagata K, et al. Corepressive action of CBP on androgen receptor transactivation in pericentric heterochromatin in a Drosophila experimental model system. Mol Cell Biol. 2009;29:1017-34 pubmed publisherRobles M, Boyault C, Knutti D, Padmanabhan K, Weitz C. Identification of RACK1 and protein kinase Calpha as integral components of the mammalian circadian clock. Science. 2010;327:463-6 pubmed publisherSone M, Uchida A, Komatsu A, Suzuki E, Ibuki I, Asada M, et al. Loss of yata, a novel gene regulating the subcellular localization of APPL, induces deterioration of neural tissues and lifespan shortening. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e4466 pubmed publisherRao A, Ziegler Y, McLeod I, Yates J, Nardulli A. Effects of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase on estrogen responsiveness and oxidative stress in human breast cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol. 2008;22:1113-24 pubmed publisherXiong B, Bayat V, Jaiswal M, Zhang K, Sandoval H, Charng W, et al. Crag is a GEF for Rab11 required for rhodopsin trafficking and maintenance of adult photoreceptor cells. PLoS Biol. 2012;10:e1001438 pubmed publisherWang L, Gural A, Sun X, Zhao X, Perna F, Huang G, et al. The leukemogenicity of AML1-ETO is dependent on site-specific lysine acetylation. Science. 2011;333:765-9 pubmed publisherMendiburo M, Padeken J, Fül??p S, Schepers A, Heun P. Drosophila CENH3 is sufficient for centromere formation. Science. 2011;334:686-90 pubmed publisherPrice C, Al-Quadan T, Santic M, Rosenshine I, Abu Kwaik Y. Host proteasomal degradation generates amino acids essential for intracellular bacterial growth. Science. 2011;334:1553-7 pubmed publisherMcIlwain D, Lang P, Maretzky T, Hamada K, Ohishi K, Maney S, et al. iRhom2 regulation of TACE controls TNF-mediated protection against Listeria and responses to LPS. Science. 2012;335:229-32 pubmed publisherNishikawa K, Nakashima T, Hayashi M, Fukunaga T, Kato S, Kodama T, et al. Blimp1-mediated repression of negative regulators is required for osteoclast differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107:3117-22 pubmed publisherQin S, Wang Q, Ray A, Wani G, Zhao Q, Bhaumik S, et al. Sem1p and Ubp6p orchestrate telomeric silencing by modulating histone H2B ubiquitination and H3 acetylation. Nucleic Acids Res. 2009;37:1843-53 pubmed publisherNardella C, Chen Z, Salmena L, Carracedo A, Alimonti A, Egia A, et al. Aberrant Rheb-mediated mTORC1 activation and Pten haploinsufficiency are cooperative oncogenic events. Genes Dev. 2008;22:2172-7 pubmed publisherSuchodolski P, Izumiya Y, Lupiani B, Ajithdoss D, Gilad O, Lee L, et al. Homodimerization of Marek\'s disease virus-encoded Meq protein is not sufficient for transformation of lymphocytes in chickens. J Virol. 2009;83:859-69 pubmed publisherWu J, Huen M, Lu L, Ye L, Dou Y, Ljungman M, et al. Histone ubiquitination associates with BRCA1-dependent DNA damage response. Mol Cell Biol. 2009;29:849-60 pubmed publisherKawauchi K, Araki K, Tobiume K, Tanaka N. Loss of p53 enhances catalytic activity of IKKbeta through O-linked beta-N-acetyl glucosamine modification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:3431-6 pubmed publisherLian S, Li S, Abadal G, Pauley B, Fritzler M, Chan E. The C-terminal half of human Ago2 binds to multiple GW-rich regions of GW182 and requires GW182 to mediate silencing. RNA. 2009;15:804-13 pubmed publisherSettembre C, Di Malta C, Polito V, Garcia Arencibia M, Vetrini F, Erdin S, et al. TFEB links autophagy to lysosomal biogenesis. Science. 2011;332:1429-33 pubmed publisherUnal E, Kinde B, Amon A. Gametogenesis eliminates age-induced cellular damage and resets life span in yeast. Science. 2011;332:1554-7 pubmed publisherStrunk B, Loucks C, Su M, Vashisth H, Cheng S, Schilling J, et al. Ribosome assembly factors prevent premature translation initiation by 40S assembly intermediates. Science. 2011;333:1449-53 pubmed publisherSheltzer J, Blank H, Pfau S, Tange Y, George B, Humpton T, et al. Aneuploidy drives genomic instability in yeast. Science. 2011;333:1026-30 pubmed publisherHsin J, Sheth A, Manley J. RNAP II CTD phosphorylated on threonine-4 is required for histone mRNA 3\' end processing. Science. 2011;334:683-6 pubmed publisherYang W, Heaton J, Brevig H, Mukherjee S, Iniguez-Lluhi J, Hammer G. SUMOylation inhibits SF-1 activity by reducing CDK7-mediated serine 203 phosphorylation. Mol Cell Biol. 2009;29:613-25 pubmed publisherKlein U, Haindl M, Nigg E, Muller S. RanBP2 and SENP3 function in a mitotic SUMO2/3 conjugation-deconjugation cycle on Borealin. Mol Biol Cell. 2009;20:410-8 pubmed publisherSato K, Ernstrom G, Watanabe S, Weimer R, Chen C, Sato M, et al. Differential requirements for clathrin in receptor-mediated endocytosis and maintenance of synaptic vesicle pools. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:1139-44 pubmed publisherShembade N, Ma A, Harhaj E. Inhibition of NF-kappaB signaling by A20 through disruption of ubiquitin enzyme complexes. Science. 2010;327:1135-9 pubmed publisherMagnus C, Lee P, Atasoy D, Su H, Looger L, Sternson S. Chemical and genetic engineering of selective ion channel-ligand interactions. Science. 2011;333:1292-6 pubmed publisherHeidrich K, Wirthmueller L, Tasset C, Pouzet C, Deslandes L, Parker J. Arabidopsis EDS1 connects pathogen effector recognition to cell compartment-specific immune responses. Science. 2011;334:1401-4 pubmed publisherNagarajan P, Parikh N, Garrett-Sinha L, Sinha S. Ets1 induces dysplastic changes when expressed in terminally-differentiating squamous epidermal cells. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e4179 pubmed publisherNoels H, Somers R, Liu H, Ye H, Du M, De Wolf-Peeters C, et al. Auto-ubiquitination-induced degradation of MALT1-API2 prevents BCL10 destabilization in t(11;18)(q21;q21)-positive MALT lymphoma. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e4822 pubmed publisherScott D, Monda J, Bennett E, Harper J, Schulman B. N-terminal acetylation acts as an avidity enhancer within an interconnected multiprotein complex. Science. 2011;334:674-8 pubmed publisherHussain K, Challis B, Rocha N, Payne F, Minic M, Thompson A, et al. An activating mutation of AKT2 and human hypoglycemia. Science. 2011;334:474 pubmed publisherMcCoy W, Wang X, Yokoyama W, Hansen T, Fremont D. Structural mechanism of ER retrieval of MHC class I by cowpox. PLoS Biol. 2012;10:e1001432 pubmed publisherTorashima T, Koyama C, Iizuka A, Mitsumura K, Takayama K, Yanagi S, et al. Lentivector-mediated rescue from cerebellar ataxia in a mouse model of spinocerebellar ataxia. EMBO Rep. 2008;9:393-9 pubmed publisherRuvolo V, Kurinna S, Karanjeet K, Schuster T, Martelli A, McCubrey J, et al. PKR regulates B56(alpha)-mediated BCL2 phosphatase activity in acute lymphoblastic leukemia-derived REH cells. J Biol Chem. 2008;283:35474-85 pubmed publisherNair J, Ho A, Tse A, Coward J, Cheema H, Ambrosini G, et al. Aurora B kinase regulates the postmitotic endoreduplication checkpoint via phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein at serine 780. Mol Biol Cell. 2009;20:2218-28 pubmed publisherLapaque N, Jahnke M, Trowsdale J, Kelly A. The HLA-DRalpha chain is modified by polyubiquitination. J Biol Chem. 2009;284:7007-16 pubmed publisherHirota T, Lee J, St John P, Sawa M, Iwaisako K, Noguchi T, et al. Identification of small molecule activators of cryptochrome. Science. 2012;337:1094-7 pubmed publisherAvinoam O, Fridman K, Valansi C, Abutbul I, Zeev-Ben-Mordehai T, Maurer U, et al. Conserved eukaryotic fusogens can fuse viral envelopes to cells. Science. 2011;332:589-92 pubmed publisherChen L, Qu X, Hou B, Sosso D, Osorio S, Fernie A, et al. Sucrose efflux mediated by SWEET proteins as a key step for phloem transport. Science. 2012;335:207-11 pubmed publisherTsai Y, Wu M, Wu Y, Chang S, Lin S, Sharp T, et al. The M type K15 protein of Kaposi\'s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus regulates microRNA expression via its SH2-binding motif to induce cell migration and invasion. J Virol. 2009;83:622-32 pubmed publisherTreusch S, Hamamichi S, Goodman J, Matlack K, Chung C, Baru V, et al. Functional links between Aβ toxicity, endocytic trafficking, and Alzheimer\'s disease risk factors in yeast. Science. 2011;334:1241-5 pubmed publisherMichaud M, Martins I, Sukkurwala A, Adjemian S, Ma Y, Pellegatti P, et al. Autophagy-dependent anticancer immune responses induced by chemotherapeutic agents in mice. Science. 2011;334:1573-7 pubmed publisherWu L, Fossum E, Joo C, Inn K, Shin Y, Johannsen E, et al. Epstein-Barr virus LF2: an antagonist to type I interferon. J Virol. 2009;83:1140-6 pubmed publisherMiller M, Unal E, Brar G, Amon A. Meiosis I chromosome segregation is established through regulation of microtubule-kinetochore interactions. elife. 2012;1:e00117 pubmed publisherWilliams A, Valdez G, Moresi V, Qi X, McAnally J, Elliott J, et al. MicroRNA-206 delays ALS progression and promotes regeneration of neuromuscular synapses in mice. Science. 2009;326:1549-54 pubmed publisherSchr??der J, Lüllmann-Rauch R, Himmerkus N, Pleines I, Nieswandt B, Orinska Z, et al. Deficiency of the tetraspanin CD63 associated with kidney pathology but normal lysosomal function. Mol Cell Biol. 2009;29:1083-94 pubmed publisherSingh D, Chan J, Zoppoli P, Niola F, Sullivan R, Casta??o A, et al. Transforming fusions of FGFR and TACC genes in human glioblastoma. Science. 2012;337:1231-5 pubmed publisherSu Y, Sugiura K, Sun F, Pendola J, Cox G, Handel M, et al. MARF1 regulates essential oogenic processes in mice. Science. 2012;335:1496-9 pubmed publisherSancho R, Blake S, Tendeng C, Clurman B, Lewis J, Behrens A. Fbw7 repression by hes5 creates a feedback loop that modulates Notch-mediated intestinal and neural stem cell fate decisions. PLoS Biol. 2013;11:e1001586 pubmed publisherHung R, Pak C, Terman J. Direct redox regulation of F-actin assembly and disassembly by Mical. Science. 2011;334:1710-3 pubmed publisherLiebig T, Erasmus J, Kalaji R, Davies D, Loirand G, Ridley A, et al. RhoE Is required for keratinocyte differentiation and stratification. Mol Biol Cell. 2009;20:452-63 pubmed publisherPedrola L, Espert A, Valdés-Sánchez T, Sanchez-Piris M, Sirkowski E, Scherer S, et al. Cell expression of GDAP1 in the nervous system and pathogenesis of Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 4A disease. J Cell Mol Med. 2008;12:679-89 pubmedZhang D, Fan G, Zhou X, Zhao T, Pasha Z, Xu M, et al. Over-expression of CXCR4 on mesenchymal stem cells augments myoangiogenesis in the infarcted myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2008;44:281-92 pubmed publisherHagan G, Lin Y, Magnuson M, Avruch J, Czech M. A Rictor-Myo1c complex participates in dynamic cortical actin events in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Mol Cell Biol. 2008;28:4215-26 pubmed publisherBaldinger T, Gossen M. Binding of Drosophila ORC proteins to anaphase chromosomes requires cessation of mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase activity. Mol Cell Biol. 2009;29:140-9 pubmed publisherZipprich J, Bhattacharyya S, Mathys H, Filipowicz W. Importance of the C-terminal domain of the human GW182 protein TNRC6C for translational repression. RNA. 2009;15:781-93 pubmed publisherHuang N, Chelliah Y, Shan Y, Taylor C, Yoo S, PARTCH C, et al. Crystal structure of the heterodimeric CLOCK:BMAL1 transcriptional activator complex. Science. 2012;337:189-94 pubmed publisherHammond G, Fischer M, Anderson K, Holdich J, Koteci A, Balla T, et al. PI4P and PI(4,5)P2 are essential but independent lipid determinants of membrane identity. Science. 2012;337:727-30 pubmed publisherMcElroy S, Nomura T, Torrie L, Warbrick E, Gartner U, Wood G, et al. A lack of premature termination codon read-through efficacy of PTC124 (Ataluren) in a diverse array of reporter assays. PLoS Biol. 2013;11:e1001593 pubmed publisherProietti C, Rosemblit C, Beguelin W, Rivas M, Díaz Flaqué M, Charreau E, et al. Activation of Stat3 by heregulin/ErbB-2 through the co-option of progesterone receptor signaling drives breast cancer growth. Mol Cell Biol. 2009;29:1249-65 pubmed publisherQureshi O, Zheng Y, Nakamura K, Attridge K, Manzotti C, Schmidt E, et al. Trans-endocytosis of CD80 and CD86: a molecular basis for the cell-extrinsic function of CTLA-4. Science. 2011;332:600-3 pubmed publisherDieterich D, Karpova A, Mikhaylova M, Zdobnova I, K??nig I, Landwehr M, et al. Caldendrin-Jacob: a protein liaison that couples NMDA receptor signalling to the nucleus. PLoS Biol. 2008;6:e34 pubmed publisherKumar A, Kamboj S, Malone B, Kudo S, Twiss J, Czymmek K, et al. Analysis of protein domains and Rett syndrome mutations indicate that multiple regions influence chromatin-binding dynamics of the chromatin-associated protein MECP2 in vivo. J Cell Sci. 2008;121:1128-37 pubmed publisherOzturk N, Lee J, Gaddameedhi S, Sancar A. Loss of cryptochrome reduces cancer risk in p53 mutant mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:2841-6 pubmed publisherTaniguchi K, Maeda R, Ando T, Okumura T, Nakazawa N, Hatori R, et al. Chirality in planar cell shape contributes to left-right asymmetric epithelial morphogenesis. Science. 2011;333:339-41 pubmed publisherHo K, Mukhopadhyay A, Li Y, Mukhopadhyay S, Weiner H. A point mutation produced a class 3 aldehyde dehydrogenase with increased protective ability against the killing effect of cyclophosphamide. Biochem Pharmacol. 2008;76:690-6 pubmed publisherGrespin M, Bonamy G, Roggero V, Cameron N, Adam L, Atchison A, et al. Thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 follows a cooperative CRM1/calreticulin-mediated nuclear export pathway. J Biol Chem. 2008;283:25576-88 pubmed publisherLiu X, Yuan Y, Yan D, Ding E, Ouyang X, Fei Y, et al. Digenic inheritance of non-syndromic deafness caused by mutations at the gap junction proteins Cx26 and Cx31. Hum Genet. 2009;125:53-62 pubmed publisherStanley S, Gagner J, Damanpour S, Yoshida M, Dordick J, Friedman J. Radio-wave heating of iron oxide nanoparticles can regulate plasma glucose in mice. Science. 2012;336:604-8 pubmed publisherLi W, Bengtson M, Ulbrich A, Matsuda A, Reddy V, Orth A, et al. Genome-wide and functional annotation of human E3 ubiquitin ligases identifies MULAN, a mitochondrial E3 that regulates the organelle\'s dynamics and signaling. PLoS ONE. 2008;3:e1487 pubmed publisherProvance D, Addison E, Wood P, Chen D, Silan C, Mercer J. Myosin-Vb functions as a dynamic tether for peripheral endocytic compartments during transferrin trafficking. BMC Cell Biol. 2008;9:44 pubmed publisherKim S, Hur W, Choi J, Kim D, Wang J, Yoon H, et al. Functional characterization of human oncoprotein gankyrin in Zebrafish. Exp Mol Med. 2009;41:8-16 pubmedDettenhofer M, Zhou F, Leder P. Formin 1-isoform IV deficient cells exhibit defects in cell spreading and focal adhesion formation. PLoS ONE. 2008;3:e2497 pubmed publisherShah S, Blumen S, Pitha-Rowe I, Kitareewan S, Freemantle S, Feng Q, et al. UBE1L represses PML/RAR{alpha} by targeting the PML domain for ISG15ylation. Mol Cancer Ther. 2008;7:905-14 pubmed publisherKlessner J, Desai B, Amargo E, Getsios S, Green K. EGFR and ADAMs cooperate to regulate shedding and endocytic trafficking of the desmosomal cadherin desmoglein 2. Mol Biol Cell. 2009;20:328-37 pubmed publisherDaher A, Laraki G, Singh M, Melendez-Pe??a C, Bannwarth S, Peters A, et al. TRBP control of PACT-induced phosphorylation of protein kinase R is reversed by stress. Mol Cell Biol. 2009;29:254-65 pubmed publisherLim B, Xiong D, Dorner A, Youn T, Yung A, Liu T, et al. Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) mediates atrioventricular-node function and connexin 45 localization in the murine heart. J Clin Invest. 2008;118:2758-70 pubmed publisherSolomon D, Kim T, Diaz-Martinez L, Fair J, Elkahloun A, Harris B, et al. Mutational inactivation of STAG2 causes aneuploidy in human cancer. Science. 2011;333:1039-43 pubmed publisherFriedman J, Lackner L, West M, DiBenedetto J, Nunnari J, Voeltz G. ER tubules mark sites of mitochondrial division. Science. 2011;334:358-62 pubmed publisherWang B, Waclaw R, Allen Z, Guillemot F, Campbell K. Ascl1 is a required downstream effector of Gsx gene function in the embryonic mouse telencephalon. Neural Dev. 2009;4:5 pubmed publisherTu H, Ren D, Wang G, Chen D, Westergard T, Kim H, et al. The p53-cathepsin axis cooperates with ROS to activate programmed necrotic death upon DNA damage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:1093-8 pubmed publisherMitra A, Fillmore R, Metge B, Rajesh M, Xi Y, King J, et al. Large isoform of MRJ (DNAJB6) reduces malignant activity of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 2008;10:R22 pubmed publisherMoore D, Blackmore M, Hu Y, Kaestner K, Bixby J, Lemmon V, et al. KLF family members regulate intrinsic axon regeneration ability. Science. 2009;326:298-301 pubmed publisherBeck H, Semisch M, Culmsee C, Plesnila N, Hatzopoulos A. Egr-1 regulates expression of the glial scar component phosphacan in astrocytes after experimental stroke. Am J Pathol. 2008;173:77-92 pubmed publisherKim Y, Sharov A, McDole K, Cheng M, Hao H, Fan C, et al. Mouse B-type lamins are required for proper organogenesis but not by embryonic stem cells. Science. 2011;334:1706-10 pubmed publisherLee B, Moon J, Shu J, Yuan L, Newman Z, Schekman R, et al. UNC93B1 mediates differential trafficking of endosomal TLRs. elife. 2013;2:e00291 pubmed publisherLuo L, Uehara H, Zhang X, Das S, Olsen T, Holt D, et al. Photoreceptor avascular privilege is shielded by soluble VEGF receptor-1. elife. 2013;2:e00324 pubmed publisherSaito D, Takase Y, Murai H, Takahashi Y. The dorsal aorta initiates a molecular cascade that instructs sympatho-adrenal specification. Science. 2012;336:1578-81 pubmed publisherSasaki G, Ishii T, Jeyasuria P, Jo Y, Bahat A, Orly J, et al. Complex role of the mitochondrial targeting signal in the function of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein revealed by bacterial artificial chromosome transgenesis in vivo. Mol Endocrinol. 2008;22:951-64 pubmed publisherSmith M, Huang Y, Deshmukh M. Skeletal muscle differentiation evokes endogenous XIAP to restrict the apoptotic pathway. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e5097 pubmed publisherSchnizler M, Schnizler K, Zha X, Hall D, Wemmie J, Hell J, et al. The cytoskeletal protein alpha-actinin regulates acid-sensing ion channel 1a through a C-terminal interaction. J Biol Chem. 2009;284:2697-705 pubmed publisherPeralta-Ramirez J, Hernandez J, Manning-Cela R, Luna-Munoz J, Garcia-Tovar C, Nougayrede J, et al. EspF Interacts with nucleation-promoting factors to recruit junctional proteins into pedestals for pedestal maturation and disruption of paracellular permeability. Infect Immun. 2008;76:3854-68 pubmed publisherImamura T, Kikuchi H, Herraiz M, Park D, Mizukami Y, Mino-Kenduson M, et al. HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha have divergent roles in colon cancer. Int J Cancer. 2009;124:763-71 pubmed publisherMorf J, Rey G, Schneider K, Stratmann M, Fujita J, Naef F, et al. Cold-inducible RNA-binding protein modulates circadian gene expression posttranscriptionally. Science. 2012;338:379-83 pubmed publisherChan C, Lau S, Woo P, Tse H, Zheng B, Chen L, et al. Identification of major histocompatibility complex class I C molecule as an attachment factor that facilitates coronavirus HKU1 spike-mediated infection. J Virol. 2009;83:1026-35 pubmed publisherSrikakulam R, Liu L, Winkelmann D. Unc45b forms a cytosolic complex with Hsp90 and targets the unfolded myosin motor domain. PLoS ONE. 2008;3:e2137 pubmed publisherHager J, Ulanet D, Hennighausen L, Hanahan D. Genetic ablation of Bcl-x attenuates invasiveness without affecting apoptosis or tumor growth in a mouse model of pancreatic neuroendocrine cancer. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e4455 pubmed publisherKorhonen H, Fisslthaler B, Moers A, Wirth A, Habermehl D, Wieland T, et al. Anaphylactic shock depends on endothelial Gq/G11. J Exp Med. 2009;206:411-20 pubmed publisherChen Y, Hsu H, Chen Y, Tsai T, How C, Wang C, et al. Oct-4 expression maintained cancer stem-like properties in lung cancer-derived CD133-positive cells. PLoS ONE. 2008;3:e2637 pubmed publisherMenacho-Marquez M, García-Escudero R, Ojeda V, Abad A, Delgado P, Costa C, et al. The Rho exchange factors Vav2 and Vav3 favor skin tumor initiation and promotion by engaging extracellular signaling loops. PLoS Biol. 2013;11:e1001615 pubmed publisherHammar P, Leroy P, Mahmutovic A, Marklund E, Berg O, Elf J. The lac repressor displays facilitated diffusion in living cells. Science. 2012;336:1595-8 pubmed publisherStarck S, Jiang V, Pavon-Eternod M, Prasad S, McCarthy B, Pan T, et al. Leucine-tRNA initiates at CUG start codons for protein synthesis and presentation by MHC class I. Science. 2012;336:1719-23 pubmed publisherXie Z, Wroblewska L, Prochazka L, Weiss R, Benenson Y. Multi-input RNAi-based logic circuit for identification of specific cancer cells. Science. 2011;333:1307-11 pubmed publisherFranco S, Gil-Sanz C, Martinez-Garay I, Espinosa A, Harkins-Perry S, Ramos C, et al. Fate-restricted neural progenitors in the mammalian cerebral cortex. Science. 2012;337:746-9 pubmed publisherO\'Farrell F, Wang S, Katheder N, Rusten T, Samakovlis C. Two-tiered control of epithelial growth and autophagy by the insulin receptor and the ret-like receptor, stitcher. PLoS Biol. 2013;11:e1001612 pubmed publisherDar A, Belkhiri A, El-Rifai W. The aurora kinase A regulates GSK-3beta in gastric cancer cells. Oncogene. 2009;28:866-75 pubmed publisherChawla G, Lin C, Han A, Shiue L, Ares M, Black D. Sam68 regulates a set of alternatively spliced exons during neurogenesis. Mol Cell Biol. 2009;29:201-13 pubmed publisherChung D, Chan P, Bankston J, Yang L, Liu G, Marx S, et al. Location of KCNE1 relative to KCNQ1 in the I(KS) potassium channel by disulfide cross-linking of substituted cysteines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:743-8 pubmed publisherMeng Y, Gu C, Wu Z, Zhao Y, Si Y, Fu X, et al. Id2 promotes the invasive growth of MCF-7 and SKOV-3 cells by a novel mechanism independent of dimerization to basic helix-loop-helix factors. BMC Cancer. 2009;9:75 pubmed publisherHe Y, Li B, Li Z, Liu P, Wang Y, Tang Q, et al. Tet-mediated formation of 5-carboxylcytosine and its excision by TDG in mammalian DNA. Science. 2011;333:1303-7 pubmed publisherDueber E, Schoeffler A, Lingel A, Elliott J, Fedorova A, Giannetti A, et al. Antagonists induce a conformational change in cIAP1 that promotes autoubiquitination. Science. 2011;334:376-80 pubmed publisher
