Description:Lipoteichoicacid,mAb55Themonoclonalantibody55recognizeslipoteichoicacid(LTA).LTA,aglycerolphosphatesurfacepolymer,isacomponentoftheenvelopeofGram-positivebacteria.LTAisanchoredviaitsglycolipidstothemembraneandcarriesapolysaccharidechainextendingintothepeptidoglycanlayerofthecellwall.LTAisreleasedspontaneouslyintotheculturemediumduringgrowthofgram-positivebacteria.LTAfunctionsasanimmuneactivatorwithcharacteristicsverysimilartolipopolysaccharide(LPS)fromGram-negativebacteria.LTAbindstoCD14andtriggersactivationpredominantlyviaToll-likereceptor2.AlthoughLTAisinternalizedandtrafficstotheGolgi,thecellularactivationinresponsetoLTAoccursatthecellsurface.Specifications:CatalognumberHM2048ProducttypeMonoclonalantibodiesQuantity>200µgFormulation1ml(>200μg/ml)culturemediumwithalowendotoxinlevelcontaining0.02%sodiumazide.ApplicationFlowcytometry,Frozensections,Immunoassays,Immunofluorescence,WesternblotApplicationNotesIA:Fordetection,1.2μg/mlantibodyinPBSwasaddedfor1hrat37°ConLTAcoatedplates(Ref.2,3,8).IF:60’inPBS/0.02%BSA/0.02%saponin(ref4)W:Areducedornativesampletreatmentandrunon15%SDS-Page.Blotwasincubatedo/nat4°Cwitha1/1000dilution.Thebandsizeis~17kDa(Ref.6,7).UseDilutionstobeuseddependondetectionsystemapplied.Itisrecommendedthatuserstestthereagentanddeterminetheirownoptimaldilutions.Thetypicalstartingworkingdilutionis1:50.ImmunogenMicrobialmixtureofStreptococcussobrimsHG961,HG962,HG970,andHG977(Ref.1)IsotypeMouseIgG3SpeciesN/AAliasLTAPositiveControlCulturemediumofGram-positivebacteria.NegativeControlCulturemediumofeukaryoticcellsReferences1.Hogg,Setal;Occurrenceoflipotechoicacidinoralstreptococci.Int.journalofsystematicbacteriology1997,47:622.Langevelde,Petal;Antibiotic-inducedreleaseoflipoteichoicacidandpeptidoglycanfromStaphylococcusaureus:QuantitativemeasurementsandBIOLOGicalreactivities.AntimicrobAgentsChemother1998,42:30733.Langevelde,Petal;Antibiotic-inducedcellwallfragmentsofStaphylococcusaureusincreaseendothelialchemokinesecretionandadhesivenessforgranulocytes.AntimicrobAgentsChemother1999,43:29844.Triantafilou,Metal;Lipoteichoicacidandtoll-likereceptor2internalizationandtargetingtothegolgiarelipidraft-dependent.JBiolChem2004,279:408825.Henneke,Petal;RoleoflipoteichoicacidinthephagocyteresponsetogroupBStreptococcus.JImmunol2005,174:64496.Grundling,Aetal.SynthesisofglycerolphosphatelipoteichoicacidinStaphylococcusaureus.PNAS2007,104:84787.Jimenez-Dalmaroni,Metal.SolubleCD36ectodomainbindsnegativelychargeddiacylglycerolligandsandactsasaco-receptorforTLR2.PlosOne2009,4:74118.Yajima,Aetal.ContributionofphosphoglucosaminemutasetotheresistanceofStreptococcusgordoniiDL1topolymorphonuclearleukocytekilling.FEMSMicrobiollett2009,297:1969.Hashimoto,Yetal.IdentificationofLTAasaligandfordraperinthephagocytosisofStaphylococcusaureusbyDrosophilahemocytes.I.Immunol2009,183:745110.Hirose,Yetal.Lipoteichoicacidsonlactobacillusplatarumcellsurfacescorrelatewithinductionofinterleukin-12p40production.Microbiolimmunol2010,54:14311.Wormann,M.E.etal.EnzymaticactivitiesandfunctionalinterdependenciesofBacillussubtilislipoteichoicacidsynthesisenzymes.MolecularMicrobiology2011,79:56612.Palomino,M.M.etalOsmoticstressadaptationinLactobacilluscaseiBL23leadstostructuralchangesinthecellwallpolymerlipoteichoicacid.Microbiology2013,159:241613.Tadmor,Ketal.ListeriaMonocytogenesMDRtransportersareinvolvedinLTAsynthesisandtriggeringinnateimmunityduringinfection.Frontiersincellularandinfectionmicrobiology2014,4:16StorageandstABIlityProductshouldbestoredat4 °C.Underrecommendedstorageconditions,productisstableforoneyear.PrecautionsForresearchuseonly.Notforuseinoronhumansoranimalsorfordiagnostics.Itistheresponsibilityoftheusertocomplywithalllocal/stateandFederalrulesintheuseofthisproduct.HycultBiotechisnotresponsIBLeforanypatentinfringementsthatmightresultwiththeuseoforderivationofthisproduct.DiseaseInfectiousdiseases