Eliminateendotoxinatthesource
- GeneticallymodifiedLPSdoesnottriggerendotoxicresponseinhumancells
- Idealformammaliancellimmunogenicitytesting,toxicityassays,andtherapeuticproteindrugdiscovery
- Usefulformembraneandlipidbindingproteinproduction
- ProteinexpressionsimilartoBL21(DE3)cellswithoutrequiringdownstreamendotoxinremoval
- Reducefalsepositivesincytokineassays,improveconfidenceinyourresults
- FrequentlyAskedQuestions
- Introduction
- Genotypeinformation
- Whyendotoxinremovalisnotthebestmethod
- ProteinexpressionwithClearColi
- Endotoxicityassayresults
- LALtesting:doesitreallymeasureendotoxin?
- GrowthratesforClearColiBL21(DE3)cells
- Usefulreferencearticles
- ClearColilicensinginformation
IntroductiontoClearColi®technology:
Isthereabetterwaytoeliminateendotoxincontamination?
Nowthereis.
Insteadofremovinglipopolysaccharide(LPS)contaminationfromyourproteinorplasmidDNApreparations,eliminatetheLPSatthesource. GeneticallymodifiedLPSfromanovelE.colistrainproducesfunctionallycleanrecombinantproteinsandplasmids. ClearColi®BL21(DE3)cellsarethefirstcommerciallyavailablecompetentcellswithamodifiedLPS(LipidIVA-seeFig.1)thatdoesnottriggertheendotoxicresponseinmammaliancells.ClearColi™cellslackoutermembraneagoNISTsforhTLR4/MD-2activation;therefore,activationofhTLR4/MD-2signallingbyClearColiisseveralordersofmagnitudelowercomparedwithE.coliwild-typecells,andheterologousproteinspreparedfromClearColiarevirtuallyfreeofendotoxicactivity.AfterminimalpurificationfromClearColicells,proteinsorplasmids,whichmaystillcontainLipidIVA,canstillbeusedinmostapplicationswithoutelicitinganendotoxicresponse(seeEndotoxicityassayresultsfordetails).
Figure1.TheLPSofanormalE.colicellcomparedtothegeneticallymodifiedLipidIVAfromClearColicells. InClearColi,theoligosaccharidechainhasbeendeleted,andtwoofthesixacylchainshavebeenremovedtodisabletheendotoxinsignal. |
ModificationstothegenotypeoftheClearColicellsconsistofsevenseparategenedeletions,therebyensuringthereisnochanceofgeneticreversionbacktowildtypeandproductionofnormalLPS. ThesemutationsresultinthedeletionoftheoligosaccharidechainfromtheLPS,makingiteasiertoremovetheresultinglipidIVAfromthedownstreamproduct. Moreimportantly,twoofthesixacylchainsaredeleted. ThesixacylchainsoftheLPSarethetriggerwhichisrecognizedbytheToll-likereceptor4(TLR4)incomplexwithmyeloiddifferentiationfactor2(MD-2),causingactivationofNF-ƙBandproductionofproinflammatorycytokines. LipidIVA,whichcontainsonlyfouracylchains,isnotrecognizedbyTLR4andthusdoesnottriggertheendotoxicresponse(seeFig.2).
Fig.2.ComparisonofrelativeNF-κBinductioninHEK-BlueCellsusingpurifiedLPSfromaK-12E.colistrainorfrompure,syntheticallymanufacturedLipidIVA. |
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GenotypeInformation:
ClearColiBL21(DE3)competentcellshavethefollowinggenotype:
F–ompThsdSB(rB-mB-)galdcmlon&lamBDa;(DE3[lacIlacUV5-T7gene1ind1sam7nin5])msbA148ΔgutQΔkdsDΔlpxLΔlpxMΔpagPΔlpxPΔeptA
Sevenspecificdeletionmutations(ΔgutQΔkdsDΔlpxLΔlpxMΔpagPΔlpxPΔeptA)encodethemodificationofLPStoLipidIVA,whileoneadditionalcompensatingmutation(msbA148)enablesthecellstomaintainviABIlityinthepresenceoftheLPSprecursorlipidIVA.
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WhyEndotoxinRemovalisnottheBestMethod
Lipopolysaccharide(LPS),alsoknownasendotoxin,isapotentagonistforhTLR4/MD-2-mediatedproinflammatoryactivityinhumanimmunecells.Topreventtoxicity,recombinantproteins,commonlymanufacturedinE.coli,mustbeessentiallyfreeofendotoxin.However,efficienteliminationofendotoxinisachallengingtask,andnoneofthedownstreamapplicationsremoveendotoxinentirely.Currentmethodsforendotoxinremovalfromrecombinantproteinsarevaried,includingultra-filtration,activatedcarbon,surfactants,anionexchangechromatography,andimmobilizedsepharose. Eachofthesestrategiesinvolvesnegativeeffects:significantyieldloss,highcost,lossofbioactivityoftheprotein,orbioactivityoftheadditivesusedforendotoxincleanup. Table1belowdescribessomeofthemostcommonmethodsandtheirassociatedshortcomings:
Table1: | |
Method | Disadvantages |
Ultrafiltration |
|
Activatedcarbon |
|
Surfactants |
|
Anion-exchangechromatography |
|
Histamine-andhistidine-immobilizedSepharose |
|
PolymyxinB-immobilizedSepharose |
|
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ProteinExpressionwithClearColi
TherelativeproductionefficiencyofendotoxinfreeClearColi™BL21(DE3)competentcellswascomparedtonormalBL21(DE3)cellsusingtwodifferentrecombinantproteins. AlthoughoverallgrowthratesoftheClearColiareslower,finalproteinproductionlevelsareverysimilar(seeFig.3and4).
Figure3.ComparisonofproteinexpressioninClearColiBL21(DE3)andLucigen'sE.Cloni®EXPRESSBL21(DE3)competentcells.CellscontainingaT7expressionplasmidharboringageneencodingthehumanapolipoproteinA1(ApoA1)weregrowninLBMillermediumat37°C.WhenculturesreachedOD600of0.6to0.8,expressionwasinducedbytheadditionof0.4mMIPTGandincubationwascontinuedfor3hours.Equivalentnumbersofuninduced(-)andinduced(+)cellswerelysedbyheatinginLaemmlibufferandsampleswereanalyzedbySDS-PAGEona4%-20%polyacrylamidegrADIentgel. |
Figure4.ComparisonoffluorescentproteinexpressioninClearColiBL21(DE3)andE.cloniEXPRESSBL21(DE3)cells. ApETexpressionvectorharboringageneencodingayellowfluorescentprotein(LucY)underthecontrolofaT7promoterwastransformedintobothClearColiBL21(DE3)andE.cloniEXPRESSBL21(DE3).ColonieswereinoculatedintoLB-Millermediumandgrownat37°Cforinduction.Samplesofinducedanduninducedcellscontainingequivalentnumbersofcellswerecentrifuged,andcellpelletswerephotographedunderlong-wavelengthUVIllumination. |
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EndotoxicityAssayResults
Inmostcases,asimplenickelcolumnpurificationissufficientforendotoxicshockresponsenegativerecombinantproteinssuitableordownstreameukaryoticcellularresponse assays. ResearcherscannowassaytargetproteineffectswithoutconcernthatimmuneresponsetriggersarearesultofLPSendotoxincontamination. Todemonstrate,ApoA1proteinexpressedfromClearColiBL21(DE3)competentcellswasNi-columnpurifiedandtestedforendotoxicityusingboththeHEK-BluecelllinefromInvivoGen(seeFig5) andtheLALassay(seeFig.6).
Figure5.ComparisonofendotoxicresponsefromproteinderivedfromClearColiBL21(DE3)andtraditionalBL21(DE3)competentcells |
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LALTesting:Doesitreallymeasureendotoxin?
LimulusamebocyteassaytestingisanFDA-approvedmethodfordetectionofendotoxinsandthemostcommonassayused;howevertheLALassayisactivatedsolelybythe4´-monophosphoryldiglucosaminebackboneofLPS. LALactivityisminimallyinfluencedbyacylationpatternofLPS,thekeydeterminantofendotoxicityineukaryoticcells. TheLALassayalsorecognizesawiderspectrumofLPS/lipidAvariantsthanthecentralcellularendotoxinsensorsystemofthehumanimmunecellsystem. Assuch,falsepositiveresultscanandwillresultduetothelackofspecificityoftheassay.
AsimpleNi-columnpurificationstepforproteinsproducedfromClearColicellswillreduceLALresponselevelsby95%orgreater(seeFig.6). However,theresidualEUmeasurementsareduetothenon-specificnatureoftheassayunlessextraneousLPScontaminationfromothersourcesispresent. Alternativetoxicityassays,suchasthoseusingHEK-Bluecells(seeFig.5)suggestthateveninthepresenceofEUlevelsabovethreshholdsnormallytargetedbyresearchers,theactualimmunogeniceffectsfromClearColi-derivedproteinsarenon-existent.
Duetothenon-specificityoftheLALassaywhencombinedwithlipidIVAfromClearColi,itissuggestedthatresearchersconsideralternativemethodsofendotoxinmeasurement.
Figure6.Comparisonof endotoxinunitsasmeasuredbytheLALassayusingnickel-columnpurifiedrecombinantApoA1andHSPproteinexpressedinClearColiBL21(DE3)(redbars)andE.cloniEXPRESSBL21(DE3)(greybars)competentcells. ProteinexpressedfromClearColidemonstratessignificantreductioninEU/mgwithoutendotoxinremovalsteps. |
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GrowthRatesforClearColiBL21(DE3)Cells
ClearColiBL21(DE3)cellsgrowatapproximately50%oftherateofnormalBL21(DE3)cells(seeFig.7). Usersshouldexpecttoseeverysmallcoloniesforthefirst24hoursafterplatingtransformants. Lucigenrecommendsincubatingplatesfor32-40hoursbeforepickingcoloniesforfutureexperiments. Whengrowntosufficientdensities,ClearColiBL21(DE3)cellsproducesimilarproteinlevelsasnormalBL21(DE3)cellswhencomparingequalnumbersofcells.
Figure7.ComparisonofgrowthratesforClearColiBL21(DE3)vs.E.cloniEXPRESSBL21(DE3)cells.CellswereinoculatedtoaninitialOD600of~0.003in200mlofLBMillermediumandgrownat37°Cwithshakingat210rpm.TheOD600 ofthecultureswasrecordedhourly. |
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RelevantReferenceArticles:
- Teghanemt,etal,MolecularBasisofReducedPotencyofUnderacylatedEndotoxins,JImmunol,2005;175:4669-4676
- Mamat,etal,SingleaminoacidsubstitutionsineitherYhjDorMsbAconferviabilityto3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonicacid-depletedEscherichiacoli,MolecularMicrobiology,2008,67(3),633–648
- Meredith,etal,RedefiningtheRequisiteLipopolysaccharideStructureinEscherichiacoli,ACSChemicalBiology,2006,1(1),33-42
- Brandenburg,etal,TheExpressionofEndotoxicActivityintheLimulusTestasComparedtoCytokineProductioninImmuneCells,CurrentMedicinalChemistry,2009,16,2653-2660
- Gutsmann,etal.StructuralprerequisitesforendotoxicactivityintheLimulustestascomparedtocytokineproductioninmononuclearcells,InnateImmunity,2010,16(1),39-47
- BeomSeokPark1etal.,ThestructuralbasisoflipopolysacchariderecognitionbytheTLR4–MD-2complex,Nature458,1191-1195(30April2009)
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ClearColiLicensingInformation:
ClearColi™CompetentcellsaresubjecttoUSPatent8,303,964andotherUSandforeignpendingpatents.
LucigenCorporation("Lucigen")hasalicensefromResearchCorporationTechnologiestosellClearColicompetentcellstothird-partiesfornon-commercialresearchpurposesonly.Aseparatelicenseisrequiredforanycommercialuse.Formoreinformationabouttheuseofthisproductbycommercialentities,pleasereviewour fulllicensingpage.
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ORDERINFORMATION
Each ClearColi®BL21(DE3)ElectocompetentCellKitcontains:ClearColiBL21(DE3)ElectocompetentCellsinDUOpackaging(2transformationspertube),ExpressionRecoveryMedium(lactoseminus),pUC19PositiveControlPlasmid,andcompleteprotocols.
ExpressionRecoveryMedium(lactoseminus)isalsoavailableseparately.
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单纯从你这个尿常规结果来看:你的上皮细胞数量在正常女性的尿液中算是正常的,镜检白细胞:15——20个/HP,它表示你的泌尿系统可能存在感染。但是,因为没有你的其他资料和其他检查结果,单凭一个结果不能说明太多问题。一般情况下不可能是肾的不好,请不用担心。
我的建议是:
1、去医院复查,但要注意留尿的时候先清洁外阴,留取中段尿。及时化验。
2、如果检查结果仍然有白细胞,可去妇科或泌尿科看医生,一般的感染的话吃点药马上就好了。
3、放松心情,注意个人卫生即可。
指导意见:
毕竟阴道上皮是鳞状上皮,而输尿管,膀胱,尿道的上皮是柱状上皮,形态上是不一样的.所以您要是对您的结果出怀疑态度,首先:重新留尿,做一个复检(留尿时注意防止阴道分泌物污染);或者让值班医生分析一下是那种类型的上皮(鳞状还是柱状).所以不要担心这个结果.一般情况下污染的比较多.
生物工程的应用领域非常广泛,包括农业、工业、医学、药物学、能源、环保、冶金、化工原料等。它必将对人类社会的政治、经济、军事和生活等方面产生巨大的影响,为世界面临的资源、环境和人类健康等问题的解决提供美好的前景。展开
生物工程包括五大工程,即遗传工程(基因工程)、细胞工程、微生物工程(发酵工程)、酶工程(生化工程)和生物反应器工程。在这五大领域中,前两者作用是将常规菌(或动植物细胞株)作为特定遗传物质受体,使它们获得外来基因,成为能表达超远缘性状的新物种——“工程菌”或“工程细胞株”。后三者的作用则是这一有巨大潜在价值的新物种创造良好的生长与繁殖条件,进行大规模的培养,以充分发挥其内在潜力,为人们提供巨大的经济效益 和社会效益。
生物工程的应用领域非常广泛,包括农业、工业、医学、药物学、能源、环保、冶金、化工原料等。它必将对人类社会的政治、经济、军事和生活等方面产生巨大的影响,为世界面临的资源、环境和人类健康等问题的解决提供美好的前景。展开
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