During the Middle Ages, the main aim of painters was to representreligious themes. A conventional artist of this period was notinterested in showing nature and people as they really were. Atypical picture at this time was full of religious symbols, whichcreated feeling of respect and love for God. Butit was evident that ideas were changing in the 13th century whenpainters like Giotto di Bondone began to paint religious scenes ina more realistic way.The Renaissance (15th to 16th century)

During the Renaissance, new ideas and values graduallv replacedthose held in the Middle Ages.People began to concentrate less onreligious themes and adopt a more humanistic attitude to life. Atthe same time painters returned to classical Roman and Greek ideasabout art. They tried to paint people and nature as they reallywere. Rich people wanted to possess their own paintings, so theycould decorate their superb palaces and great houses. They paidfamous artists to paint pictures of themselves, their houses andpossessions as well as their activities and achievements.One of the most important discoveries during this period was how todraw things in perspective. This technique was first used byMasaccio in 1428. When people first saw his paintings, they wereconvinced that they were looking through a hole in a wall at a realscene. If the roles of perspective had not been discovered, no onewould have been able to paint such realistic pictures. Bycoincidence, oil paints were also developed at this time, whichmade the colours used in paintings look richer and deeper. Withoutthe new paints and the new technique, we would not be able to seethe many great masterpieces for which this period is famous.Impressionism (late 19th to early 20th century)

In the late 19th century, Europe changed a great deal. from amostly agricultural society to a mostly industrial one. Many peoplemoved from the countryside to the new cities. There were many newinventions and social changes. Naturally, these changes also led tonew painting styles. Among the painters who broke away from thetraditional style of painting were the Impressionists, who livedand worked in Paris.The Impressionists were the first painters to work outdoors. Theywere eager to show how light and shadow fell on objects atdifferent times of day. However, because natural light changes soquickly, the Impressionists had to paint quickly. Their paintingswere not as detailed as those of earlier painters. At first, manypeople disliked this style of painting and became very angr aboutit. They said that the painters were careless and their paintingswere ridiculous.Modern Art (20th century to today)

At the time they were created, the Impressionist paintings werecontroversial, but today they are accepted as the beginning of whatwe call \\\"modem art\\\". This is because the Impressionists encouragedartists to look at their environment in new ways. There are scoresof modern art styles, but without the Impressionists, many of thesepainting styles might not exist. On the one hand, some modem art isabstract; that is, the painter does not attempt to paint objects aswe see them with our eyes, but instead concentrates on certainqualities of the object, using colour, line and shape to representthem. On the other hand, some paintings of modern art are sorealistic that they look like photographs. These styles are sodifferent. Who can predict what painting styles there will be inthe future?

THE BEST OF MANHATTAN’SART GALLERIES

TheFrick Collection (5th Avenue and E.70th Street)Many art lovers would rather visit this small art gallery than anyother in New York. Henry Clay Frick, a rich New Yorker, died in1919, leaving his house, furniture and art collection to theAmerican people. Frick had a preference for pre-twentieth centuryWestern paintings, and these are well-represented in this excellentcollection. You can also explore Frick\\\'s beautiful home and gardenwhich are well worth a Visit.Guggenheim Museum(5th Avenue and 88th Street)This museum owns 5,000 superb modern paintings, sculptures anddrawings. These art works are not all displayed at the same time.The exhibition is always changing. It will appeal to those who loveImpressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings. The GuggenheimMuseum building is also world-famous. When you walk into gallery,you feel as if youwere inside a fragile, white seashell. The best way to see thepaintings is to start from the top floor and walk down to thebottom. There are no stairs just a circular path. The museum alsohas an excellent restaurant.Metropolitan Museum of Art (5th Avenue and 82nd Street)The reputation of this museum lies in the variety of its artcollection. This covers more than 5,000 years of civilization frommany parts of the world, including America, Europe, China, Egypt,other African countries and South America. The museum displays morethan just the visual delights of art. It introduces you to ancientways of living. You can visit an Egyptian temple, a fragrant Minggarden, a typical room in an 18th century French house and manyother special exhibitions.Museum of Modern Art (53rd Street, between 5th and 6thAvenues)It is amazing that so many great works of art from the late 19thcentury to the 21st century are housed in the same museum. Thecollection of Western art includes paintings by such famous artistsas Monet, Van Gogh, Picasso and Matisse. A few words of warning:the admission price is not cheap and the museum is often verycrowded.Whitney Museum of American Art (945 Madison Avenue, near 75thStreet)The Whitney holds an excellent collection of contemporary Americanpainting and sculpture. There are no permanent displays in thismuseum and exhibitions change all the time. Every two years, theWhitney holds a special exhibition of new art by living artists.The museum also shows videos and films by contemporary videoartists.

选修6 Unit 2Poems-Reading A FEW SIMPLE FORMS OF ENGLISH POEMSThere are various reasons why people write poetry. Some poems tella story or describe something in a way that will give the reader astrong impression. Others try to convey certain emotions. Poets usemany different forms of poetry to express themselves. In this text,however, we will look at a few of the simpler forms.Some of the first poetry a young child learns in English is nurseryrhymes. These rhymes like the one on the right (A) are still acommon type of children\\\'s poetry. The language is concrete butimaginative, and they delight small children because they rhyme,have strong rhythm and a lot of repetition. The poems may not makesense and even seem contradictory, but they are easy to learn andrecite. By playing with the words in nursery rhymes, children learnabout language.AHush, little baby, don\\\'t say a word, Papa\\\'s going to buy you amockingbird. If that mockingbird won\\\'t sing, Papa\\\'s going to buyyou a diamond ring. If that diamond ring turns to brass, Papa\\\'sgoing to buy you a looking-glass. If that looking-glass gets broke,Papa\\\'s going to buy you a billy-goat. If that billy-goat runs away,Papa\\\'s going to buy you another today.One of the simplest kinds of poems are those like B and C that listthings. List poems have a flexible line length and repeated phraseswhich give both a pattern and a rhythm to the poem. Some rhyme(like B) while others do not (like C).BI saw a fish-portal all on fire I saw afish-pond all on fire,I saw a house bow to a squire,I saw a person twelve-feet high,I saw a cottage in the sky,I saw a balloon made of lead,I saw a coffin drop down dead,I saw two sparrows run a race,I saw two horses making lace,I saw g girl just like a cat,I saw a kitten wear a hat,I saw a man who saw these too,And said though strange they all were true.C Our firstfootball matchWe would have won ...if Jack had scored that goal,if we\\\'d had just a few more minutes,if we had trained harder,if Ben had passed the ball to Joe,if we\\\'d had thousands of fans screaming,if I hadn\\\'t taken my eye off the ball,if we hadn\\\'t stayed up so late the night before,if we hadn\\\'t taken it easy,if we hadn\\\'t run out of energy.We would have won ...if we\\\'d been better!Another simple form of poem that students can easily write is thecinquain, a poem made up of five lines. With these, students canconvey a strong picture in just a few words. Look at the examples(D and E) on the top of the next page.D BrotherBeautiful, athletic Teasing, shouting, laughing Friend and enemytoo MineESummer Sleepy, salty Drying, drooping, dreading Week in, week outEndlessFA fallen blossom Is coming back to the branch. Look, abutterfly!( by Moritake)G Snow havingmelted, The whole village is brimful Of happy children.(by Issa)Haiku is a Japanese form of poetry that is made up of 17 syllables.It is not a traditional form of English poetry, but is very popularwith English writers. It is easy to write and, like the cinquain ,can give a clear picture and create a special feeling using theminimum of words. The two haiku poems (F and G) above aretranslations from theJapanese.HWhere she awaits her husband On and on the river flows. Neverlooking back,Transformed into stone.Day by day upon the mountaintop,wind and rain revolve.Should the traveller return,this stonewould utter speech.,(by Wang Jian)Did you know that English speakers also enjoy other forms of Asianpoetry - Tang poems from China in particular? A lot of Tang poetryhas been translated into English. This Tang poem (H) is atranslation from theChinese.With so many different forms of poetry to choose from, students mayeventually want to write poems of their own. It is easier than youmight think and certainly worth a try!

I\\\'VE SAVED THESUMMER

I\\\'ve saved the summerAnd I give it all to youTo hold on winter morningsWhen the snow is new.I\\\'ve saved some sunlightIf you should ever needA place away from darknessWhere your mind can feed.

And formyself I\\\'ve kept your smileWhen you were but nineteen,Till you\\\'re older you\\\'ll not knowWhat brave young smiles can mean.I know no answersTo help you on your wayThe answers lie somewhereAt the bottom of the day.But if you\\\'ve a need for loveI\\\'ll give you all l ownIt might help you down the roadTill you\\\'ve found your own.(by Rod McKuen)

选修6 Unit3 A healthy life-Reading

ADVICEFROM GRANDADDear James,It is a beautiful day here and I am sitting under the big tree atthe end of the garden. I have just returned froma long bike ride to an old castle. It seems amazing that at my ageI am still fit enough to cycle 20 kilometres inan afternoon. It\\\'s my birthday in two weeks time and I\\\'llbe 82 years old! I think my long and active lifemust be due to the healthy life Ilive.This brings me to the real reason for my letter, my dear grandson.Your mother tells me that you started smokingsome time ago and now you are finding it difficult to give it up.Believe me, I know how easy it is to begin smoking and how tough itis to stop. You see, during adolescence I also smoked and becameaddicted to cigarettes.By the way, did you know that this is because you become addictedin three different ways? First, you can becomephysically addicted to nicotine, which is one of the hundreds ofchemicals in cigarettes. This means that after a while your bodybecomes accustomed to having nicotine in it. So when the drugleaves your body, you get withdrawal symptoms. I remember feelingbad-tempered and sometimes even in pain. Secondly, you becomeaddicted through habit. As you know, if you do the same thing overand over again, you begin to do it automatically. Lastly, you canbecome mentally addicted. I believed I was happier and more relaxedafter having a cigarette, so I began to think that I could onlyfeel good when I smoked. I was addicted in all three ways, so itwas very difficult to quit. But I did finally manage.When I was young, I didn\\\'t know much about the harmful effects ofsmoking. I didn\\\'t know, for example, that it could do terribledamage to your heart and lungs or that it was more difficult forsmoking couples to become pregnant. I certainly didn\\\'t know theirbabies may have a smaller birth weight or even be abnormal in someway. Neither did I know that my cigarette smoke could affect thehealth of non-smokers. However, what I did know was that mygirlfriend thought I smelt terrible. She said my breath and clothessmelt, and that the ends of my fingers were turning yellow. Shetold me that she wouldn\\\'t go out with me again unless I stopped! Ialso noticed that I became breathless quickly, and that I wasn\\\'tenjoying sport as much. When I was taken off the school footballteam because I was unfit, I knew it was time to quit smoking.I am sending you some advice I found on the Internet. It might helpyou to stop and strengthen your resolve. I do hope so because Iwant you to live as long and healthy a life as Ihave.Love fromGrandad

Reading anddiscussing

Beforeyou read the poster below, discuss what you know about HIV/AIDSwith your classmates. Make a list of words that you might comeacross in this poster.HIV/AIDS:ARE YOU AT RISK?HIV is a virus. A virus is a very small living thing that causesdisease. There are many different viruses, for example, the fluvirus or the SARS virus. HIV weakens a person\\\'simmune system; that is, the part of the body that fights disease.You can have HIV in your blood for a long time,but eventually HIV will damage your immune system so much that youbody can no longer fight disease. This stage of the illness iscalled AIDS. If you develop AIDS, your chances of survival are verysmall.HIV is spread through blood or the fluid that the body makes duringsex. For a person to become infected, blood orsexual fluid that carries the virus, has to get inside the bodythrough broken skin or by injection. One day scientists will find acure for HIV/AIDS.Until that happens, you need to protect yourself. Here are somethings you can do to make sure you stay safe.If you inject drugs:do not share your needle with anyone else. Blood from anotherperson can stay on or in the needle. If a person has HIV and youuse the same needle, you could inject the virus into your ownblood.do not share anything else that a person has used while injectingdrugs.Blood could have spilt on it.If you have sex with a male or a female:use a condom. This will prevent sexual fluid passing from oneperson to another.The following statements are NOT true.A person cannot get HIV the first time they have sex.WRONG. If onesexual partner has HIV, the other partner could becomeinfected.You can tell by looking at someone whether or not they haveHIV.WRONG. Many people carrying HIV look perfectly healthy. It isonly when the disease has progressed to AIDS that a person beginsto look sick.Only homosexuals get AIDS.WRONG. Anyone who has sex with a personinfected with H1V/AIDS risks getting the virus. Women are slightlymore likely to become infected than men.If you hug, touch or kiss someone with AIDS or visit them in theirhome, you will get HIV/AIDS.WRONG.You can only get the disease fromblood or sexual fluid.Unfortunately, people with HIV sometimes losetheir friends because of prejudice.Many people are afraid that theywill get HIV/AIDS from those infected with HIV!AIDS. For the samereason, some AIDS patients cannot find anyone to look after themwhen they are sick.You can get HIV/AIDS from mosquitoes.WRONG. There is no evidence ofthis.

选修6 Unit4 Global warming-ReadingTHE EARTH IS BECOMING WARMER-BUT DOES IT MATTER?During the 20th century the temperature of the earth rose about onedegree Fahrenheit. That probably does not seem much to you or me,but it is a rapid increase when compared to other natural changes.So how has this come about and does it matter? Earth Care’s SophieArmstrong explores these questions.There is no doubt that the earth is becoming warmer (see Graph 1)and that it is human activitythat has caused this global warming rather than a random butnatural phenomenon.

All scientists subscribe to the view that the increase in theearth\\\'s temperature is due to the burning of fossil fuels likecoal, natural gas and oil to produce energy. Some byproducts ofthis process are called \\\"greenhouse\\\" gases, the most important oneof which is carbon dioxide. Dr Janice Foster explains: \\\"There is anatural phenomenon that scientists call the \\\'greenhouse effect\\\'.This is when small amounts of gases in the atmosphere, like carbondioxide, methane and water vapour, trap heat from the sun andtherefore warm the earth. Without the \\\'greenhouse effect\\\', theearth would be about thirty-three degrees Celsius cooler than itis. So, we need those gases. The problem begins when we add hugequantities of extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. It meansthat more heat energy tends to be trapped in the atmosphere causingthe global temperature to go up.\\\"

We know that the levels of carbon dioxide have increased greatlyover the last 100 to 150 years. It was a scientist called CharlesKeeling, who made accurate measurements of the amount of carbondioxide in the atmosphere from 1957 to 1997. He found that betweenthese years the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere went up fromaround 315 parts to around 370 parts per million(see Graph 2).All scientists accept this data. They also agree that it is theburning of more and more fossilfuels that has resulted in this increase in carbon dioxide. So howhigh will the temperature increase go? Dr Janice Foster says thatover the next 100 years the amount of warming could be as low as 1to 1.5 degrees Celsius, but it could be as high as 5 degrees.

However, the attitude of scientists towards this rise is completelydifferent. On the one hand, Dr Foster thinks that the trend whichincreases the temperature by 5 degrees would be a catastrophe. Shesays, \\\"We can\\\'t predict the climate well enough to know what toexpect, but it could be very serious.\\\" Others who agree with herthink there may be a rise of several metres in the sea level, orpredict severe storms, floods, droughts, famines, the spread ofdiseases and the disappearance of species. On the other hand, thereare those, like George Hambley, who are opposed to this view,believe that we should not worry about high levels of carbondioxide in the air. They predict that any warming will be mild withfew bad environmental consequences. In fact, Hambley states, \\\"Morecarbon dioxide is actually a positive thing. It will make plantsgrow quicker; crops will produce more; it will encourage a greaterrange of animals - all of which will make life for human beingsbetter.\\\"

Greenhouse gases continue to build up in the atmosphere. Even if westart reducing the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhousegases, the climate is going to keep on warming for decades orcenturies. No one knows the effects of global warming. Does thatmean we should do nothing? Or, are the risks toogreat?

WHATCAN WE DO ABOUT GLOBAL WARMING?Dear Earth Care,I am doing a project on behalf of my school about global warming.Sometimes I feel that individuals can have little effect on suchhuge environmental problems. However, 1 still think people shouldadvocate improvements in the way we use energy today. As I\\\'m notsure where to start with my project, I would appreciate anysuggestions you may have.Thank you!Ouyang GuangDear Ouyang Guang,There are many people who have a commitment like yours, but they donot believe they have the power to do anything to improve ourenvironment. That is not true. Together, individuals can make adifference. We do not have to put up with pollution.The growth of the greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide in the airactually comes as a result of many things we do every day. Here area few suggestions on how to reduce it. They should get you startedwith your project.1 We use a lot of energy in our houses. It is OKto leave an electrical appliance on so long asyou are using it - if not, turn it off! Do not becasual about this. So if you are not using the lights, the TV, thecomputer, and so on, turn them off. If you are cold, put on moreclothes instead of turning up the heat.2 Motor vehicles use a lot of energy- so walk orride a bike if you can.3 Recycle cans, bottles, plastic bags andnewspapers if circumstances allow you to. It takes a lot of energyto make things from new materials, so, if you can, buy things madefrom recycled materials.4 Get your parents to buy things that are economical with energy -this includes cars as well as smaller things like fridges andmicrowaves.5 Plant trees in your garden or your school yard, as they absorbcarbon dioxide from the air and refresh yourspirit when you look at them.6 Finally and most importantly, be an educator. Talk with yourfamily and friends about global warming and tell them what you havelearned.Remember - your contribution counts!Earth Care

选修6 Unit5 The power of nature-Reading

ANEXCITING JOBI have the greatest job in the world. I travel to unusual placesand work alongside people from all over the world. Sometimesworking outdoors, sometimes in an office, sometimes usingscientific equipment and sometimes meeting local people andtourists, I am never bored.Although my job is occasionally dangerous, I don\\\'t mind becausedanger excites me and makes me feel alive. However, the mostimportant thing about my job is that I helpprotect ordinary people fromone of the most powerful forces on earth - the volcano.I was appointed as a volcanologist working for the Hawaiian VolcanoObservatory (HVO) twenty years ago. My job is collectinginformation for a database about Mount Kilauea, which is one of themost active volcanoes in Hawaii. Having collected and evaluated theinformation, I help other scientists to predict where lava from thevolcano will flow next and how fast. Our work has saved many livesbecause people in the path of the lava can be warned to leave theirhouses. Unfortunately, we cannot move their homes out of the way,and many houses have been covered with lava or burned to theground.When boiling rock erupts from a volcano and crashes back to earth,it causes less damage than you might imagine. This is because noone lives near the top of Mount Kilauea, where the rocks fall. Thelava that flows slowly like a wave down the mountain causes farmore damage because it buries everything in its path under themolten rock. However, the eruption itself is really exciting towatch and I shall never forget my first sight of one. It was in thesecond week after I arrived in Hawaii. Having worked hard all day,I went to bed early. I was fast asleep when suddenly my bed beganshaking and I heard a strange sound, like a railway train passingmy window. Having experienced quite a few earthquakes in Hawaiialready, I didn\\\'t take much notice. I was about to go back to sleepwhen suddenly my bedroom became as bright as day. I ran out of thehouse into the back garden where I could see Mount Kilauea in thedistance. There had been an eruption from the side of the mountainand red hot lava was fountaining hundreds of metres into the air.It was an absolutely fantastic sight.The day after this eruption I was lucky enough to have a muchcloser look at it. Two other scientists and I were driven up themountain and dropped as close as possible to the crater that hadbeen formed during the eruption. Having earlier collected specialclothes from the observatory, we put them on before we went anycloser. All three of us looked like spacemen.We had whiteprotective suits that covered our whole body, helmets, big bootsand special gloves. It was not easy to walk in these suits, but weslowly made our way to the edge of the crater and looked down intothe red, boiling centre. The other two climbed down into the craterto collect some lava for later study, but this being my firstexperience, I stayed at the top and watched them. Today, I am just asenthusiastic about my job as the day I first started. Havingstudied volcanoes now for many years, I am still amazed at theirbeauty as well as their potential to cause greatdamage.

THELRKE OF HERVEN

Changbaishan is in Jilin Province, Northeast China.Much of thisbeautiful, mountainous area is thick forest . Changbaishan isChina\\\'s largest nature reserve and it is kept in its natural statefor the people of China and visitors from all over the world toenjoy. The height of the land varies from 700 metres above sealevel to over 2,000 metres and is home to a great diversity of rareplants and animals. Among the rare animals are cranes, black bears,leopards and tigers. Many people come to Changbaishan to study itsunique plants and animals. Others come to walk in the mountains, tosee the spectacular waterfalls or to bathe in the hot water pools.However, the attraction that arouses the greatest appreciation inthe reserve is Tianchi or the Lake of Heaven.Tianchi is a deep lake that has formed in the crater of a deadvolcano on top of the mountain. The lake is 2,194 metres above sealevel, and more than 200 metres deep. In winter the surface freezesover. It takes about an hour to climb from the end of the road tothe top of the mountain. When you arrive you are rewarded not onlywith the sight of its clear waters, but also by the view of theother sixteen mountain peaks that surround Tianchi.There are many stories told about Tianchi. The most well-knownconcerns three young women from heaven. They were bathing inTainchi when a bird flew above them and dropped a small fruit ontothe dress of the youngest girl. When she picked up the fruit tosmell it, it flew into her mouth.Having swallowed the fruit, thegirl became pregnant and later gave birth to a handsome boy. It issaid that this boy, who had a great gift for languages andpersuasion, is the father of the Manchu people.If you are lucky enough to visit the Lake of Heaven with your lovedone, don\\\'t forget to drop a coin into the clear blue water toguarantee your love will be as deep and lasting as the lakeitself.

选修7 Unit 1 Livingwell-ReadingMARTY’S STORYHi, my name is Marry Fielding and I guess you could say that I am\\\"one in a million\\\". In other words, there are not many people likeme. You see, I have a muscle disease which makes me very weak, so Ican\\\'t run or climb stairs as quickly as other people. In addition,sometimes I am very clumsy and drop things or bump into furniture.Unfortunately, the doctors don\\\'t know how to make me better, but Iam very outgoing and have learned to adapt to my disability. Mymotto is: live One day at a time.Until I was ten years old I was the same as everyone else. I usedto climb trees, swim and play football. In fact, I used to dreamabout playing professional football and possibly representing mycountry in the World Cup. Then I started to get weaker and weaker,until I could only enjoy football from a bench at the stadium. Inthe end I went into hospital for medical tests. I stayed there fornearly three months. I think I had at least a billion tests,including one in which they cut out a piece of muscle from my legand looked at it under a microscope. Even after all that, no onecould give my disease a name and it is difficult to know what thefuture holds.One problem is that I don\\\'t look any different from other people.So sometimes some children in my primary school would laugh, when Igot out of breath after running a short way or had to stop and resthalfway up the stairs. Sometimes, too, I was too weak to go toschool so my education suffered. Every time I returned after anabsence, I felt stupid because I was behind the others.My life is a lot easier at high school because my fellow studentshave accepted me. The few who cannot see the real person inside mybody do not make me annoyed, and I just ignore them. All in all Ihave a good life. I am happy to have found many things I can do,like writing and computer programming. My ambition is to work for afirm that develops computer software when I grow up. Last yearinvented a computer football game and a big company has decided tobuy it from me. I have a very busy life with no time to sit aroundfeeling sorry for myself. As well as going to the movies andfootball matches with my friends, I spend a lot of time with mypets. I have two rabbits, a parrot, a tank full of fish and atortoise. To look after my pets properly takes a lot of time but Ifind it worthwhile. I also have to do a lot of work, especially ifI have been away for a while.In many ways my disability has helped me grow strongerpsychologically and become more independent. I have to work hard tolive a normal life but it has been worth it. If I had a chance tosay one thing to healthy children, it would be this: having adisability does not mean your life is not satisfying. So don\\\'t feelsorry for the disabled or make fun of them, and don\\\'t ignore themeither. Just accept them for who they are, and give themencouragement to live as rich and full a life as you do.Thank you for reading my story.

A LETTER TO ANARCHITECT

Look at the pictures. Discuss the problems that people with walkingdifficulties might have in a cinema.Ms LSandersAlice MajorChiefarchitect64 Cambridge StreetCinemaDesignsBankstown44 Hill StreetBankstown24 September, 200__Dear Ms Sanders,I read in the newspaper today that you are to be the architect forthe new Bankstown cinema.I hope you will not mind me writing to askif you have thought about the needs of disabled customers. Inparticular I wonder if you have considered the followingthings:1 Adequate access for wheelchairs. It would behandy to have lifts to all parts of the cinema. The buttons in thelifts should be easy for a person in a wheelchair to reach, and thedoors be wide enough to enter. In some cinemas, the lifts are atthe back of the cinema in cold, unattractiveplaces. As disabled people have to use the lifts, this makes themfeel they are not as important as other customers.2 Earphones for people who have trouble hearing.It would help to fit sets of earphones to all seats, not just tosome of them. This would allow hearing-impaired customers to enjoythe company of their hearing friends rather than having to sit in aspecial area.3 Raised seating. People who are short cannotalways see the screen. So I\\\'d like to suggest that the seats at theback be placed higher than those at the front so that everyone cansee the screen easily. Perhaps there could be a space at the end ofeach row for people in wheelchairs to sit next to theirfriends.4 Toilets. For disabled customers it would be more convenient toplace the toilets near the entrance to the cinema. It can bedifficult if the only disabled toilet is in the basement a long wayfrom where the film is showing. And if the doors could be openedoutwards, disabled customers would be very happy.5 Car parking. Of course, there are usuallyspaces specially reserved for disabled and elderly drivers. If theyare close to the cinema entrance and/or exit, it is easier fordisabled people to get to film in comfort.Thank you for reading my letter. I hope my suggestions will meetwith your approval. Disabled people should havethe same opportunities as able-bodied people to enjoy the cinemaand to do so with dignity.I am sure many people will praise yourcinema if you design it with good access for disabled people. Itwill also make the cinema owners happy if more people go as theywill make higherprofits!Yourssincerely,Alice Major

选修7 Unit2 Robots - ReadingSATISFACTION GURANTEEDLarry Belmont worked for a company that made robots. Recently ithad begun experimenting with a household robot. It was going to betested out by Larry\\\'s wife, Claire.Claire didn\\\'t want the robot in her house, especially as herhusband would be absent for three weeks, but Larry persuaded herthat the robot wouldn\\\'t harm her or allow her to be harmed. Itwould be a bonus. However, when she first saw the robot, she feltalarmed. His name was Tony and he seemed more like a human than amachine. He was tall and handsome with smooth hair and a deep voicealthough his facial expression never changed.On the second morning Tony, wearing an apron, brought her breakfastand then asked her whether she needed help dressing. She feltembarrassed and quickly told him to go. It was disturbing andfrightening that he looked sohuman.One day, Claire mentioned that she didn\\\'t think she was clever.Tony said that she must feel very unhappy to say that. Clairethought it was ridiculous to be offered sympathy by a robot. Butshe began to trust him. She told him how she was overweight andthis made her feel unhappy. Also she felt her home wasn\\\'t elegantenough for someone like Larry who wanted to improve his socialposition. She wasn\\\'t like Gladys Claffern, one of the richest andmost powerful women around.As a favour Tony promised to help Claire make herself smarter andher home more elegant. So Claire borrowed a pile of books from thelibrary for him to read, or rather, scan. She looked at his fingerswith wonder as they turned each page and suddenly reached for hishand. She was amazed by his fingernails and the softness and warmthof his skin. How absurd, she thought. He was just a machine.Tony gave Claire a new haircut and changed the makeup she wore. Ashe was not allowed to accompany her to the shops, he wrote out alist of items for her. Claire went into the city and boughtcurtains, cushions, a carpet and bedding. Then she went into ajewellery shop to buy a necklace. When the clerk at the counter wasrude to her, she rang Tony up and told the clerk to speak to him.The clerk immediately changed his attitude. Claire thanked Tony,telling him that he was a \\\"dear\\\". As she turned around, there stoodGladys Claffern. How awful to be discovered by her, Claire thought.By the amused and surprised look on her face, Claire knew thatGladys thought she was having an affair. After all, she knewClaire\\\'s husband\\\'s name was Larry, not Tony.When Claire got home, she wept with anger in herarmchair. Gladys was everything Claire wanted to be. \\\"You can belike her,\\\" Tony told her and suggested that she invite Gladys andher friends to the house the night before he was to leave and Larrywas to return. By that time, Tony expected the house to becompletelytransformed.Tony worked steadily on the improvements. Claire tried to help oncebut was too clumsy.She fell off a ladder and even though Tony wasin the next room, he managed to catch her in time. He held herfirmly in his arms and she felt the warmth of his body. Shescreamed, pushed him away and ran to her room for the rest of theday.The night of the party arrived. The clock struck eight. The guestswould be arriving soon and Claire told Tony to go into anotherroom.At that moment, Tony folded his arms around her, bending hisface close to hers. She cried out \\\"Tony\\\" and then heard him declarethat he didn\\\'t want to leave her the next day and that he felt morethan just the desire to please her. Then the front door bell rang.Tony freed her and disappeared from sight. It was then that Clairerealized that Tony had opened the curtains of the front window. Herguests had seen everything !The women were impressed by Claire, the house and the deliciouscuisine. Just before they left, Claire heard Gladys whispering toanother woman that she had never seen anyone so handsome as Tony.What a sweet victory to be envied by those women! She might not beas beautiful as them, but none of them had such a handsomelover.Then she remembered -Tony was just a machine. She shouted \\\"Leave mealone\\\" and ran to her bed. She cried all night. The next morning acar drove up and took Tony away.The company was very pleased with Tony\\\'s report on his three weekswith Claire. Tony had protected a human being from harm. He hadprevented Claire from harming herself through her own sense offailure. He had opened the curtains that night so that the otherwomen would see him and Claire, knowing that there was no risk toClaire\\\'s marriage. But even though Tony had been so clever, hewould have to be rebuilt -you cannot have women failing in lovewith machines.

A BIOGRAPHY OF ISAACASIMOVIsaac Asimov was an American scientist and writerwho wrote around 480 books that included mystery stories, scienceand history books, and even books about the Holy Bible andShakespeare. But he is best known for his science fiction stories.Asimov had both an extraordinary imagination that gave him theability to explore future worlds and an amazing mind with which hesearched for explanations of everything, in the present and thepast.Asimov\\\'s life began in Russia, where he was born on 2 January,1920. It ended in New York on 6 April, 1992, when he died as aresult of an HIV infection that he had got from a blood transfusionnine years earlier.When Asimov was three, he moved with his parents and hisone-year-old sister to New York City. There his parents bought acandy store which they ran for the next 40 or so years. At the ageof nine, when his mother was pregnant with her third child, Asimovstarted working part-time in the store. He helped out through hisschool and university years until 1942, a year after he had gaineda master\\\'s degree in chemistry. In 1942 he joined the staff of thePhiladelphia Navy Yard as a junior chemist and worked there forthree years. In 1948 he got his PhD in chemistry. The next year hebecame a biochemistry teacher at Boston University School ofMedicine. In 1958 he gave up teaching to become a full-timewriter.It was when Asimov was eleven years old that his talent for writingbecame obvious. He had told a friend two chapters of a story he hadwritten. The friend thought he was retelling a story from a book.This really surprised Asimov and from that moment, he started totake himself seriously as a writer. Asimov began having storiespublished in science fiction magazines in 1939. In 1950 hepublished his first novel and in 1953 his first science book.Throughout his life, Asimov received many awards, both for hisscience fiction books and his science books. Among his most famousworks of science fiction, one for which he won an award was theFoundation trilogy (1951-1953), three novels about the death andrebirth of a great empire in a galaxy of the future. It was looselybased on the fall of the Roman Empire but was about the future.These books are famous because Asimov invented a theoreticalframework which was designed to show how ideas and thinking maydevelop in the future. He is also well known for his collection ofshort stories, I, Robot (1950), in which he developed a set ofthree \\\"laws\\\" for robots. For example, the first law states that arobot must not injure human beings or allow them to be injured.Some of his ideas about robots later influenced other writers andeven scientists researching into artificial intelligence.Asimov was married twice. He married his first wife in 1942 and hada son and a daughter. Their marriage lasted 31 years. Soon afterhis divorce in 1973, Asimov married again but he had no childrenwith his second wife.

选修7 Unit 3 Under the sea- ReadingOLD TOM THE KILLER WHALEI was 16 when I began work in June 1902 at the whaling station. Ihad heard of the killers that every year helped whalers catch hugewhales. I thought, at the time, that this was just a story but thenI witnessed it with my own eyes many times.On the afternoon I arrived at the station, as I was I sorting outmy\\\' accommodation, I heard a loud noise coming from the bay. We randown to the shore in time to see an enormous animal opposite usthrowing itself out of the water and then crashing down again. Itwas black and white and fish-shaped. But I knew it wasn\\\'t afish.

\\\"That\\\'s Old Tom, the killer,\\\" one of the whalers, George, calledout to me. \\\"He\\\'s telling us there\\\'s a whale out there forus.\\\"Another whaler yelled out, \\\"Rush-oo ...rush-oo.\\\" This was the callthat announced there was about to be a whale hunt.\\\"Come on, Clancy. To the boat,\\\" George said as he ran ahead of me.I had already heard that George didn\\\'t like being kept waiting, soeven though I didn\\\'t have the right clothes on, I raced afterhim.Without pausing we jumped into the boat with the other whalers andheaded out into the bay. I looked down into the water and could seeOld Tom swimming by the boat, showing us the way. A few minuteslater, there was no Tom, so George started beating the water withhis oar and there was Tom, circling back to the boat, leading us tothe hunt again.Using a telescope we could see that something was happening. As wedrew closer, I could see a whale being attacked by a pack of aboutsix other killers.\\\"What\\\'re they doing?\\\" I asked George.\\\"Well, it\\\'s teamwork - the killers over there are throwingthemselves on top of the whale\\\'s blow-hole to stop it breathing.And those others are stopping it diving or fleeing out to sea,\\\"George told me, pointing towards the hunt. And just at that moment,the most extraordinary thing happened. The killers started racingbetween our boat and the whale just like a pack of exciteddogs.Then the harpoon was ready and the man in the bow of the boat aimedit at the whale. He let it go and the harpoon hit the spot. Beingbadly wounded, the whale soon died. Within a moment or two, itsbody was dragged swiftly by the killers down into the depths of thesea. The men started turning the boat around to go home.\\\"What\\\'s happened?\\\" I asked. \\\"Have we lost the whale?\\\"\\\"Oh no,\\\" Jack replied. \\\"We\\\'ll return tomorrow to bring in the body.It won\\\'t float up to the surface for around 24 hours.\\\" \\\"In themeantime, Old Tom, and the others are having a good feed on itslips and tongue,\\\" added Red,laughing.Although Old Tom and the other killers were fierce hunters, they,never harmed or attacked people. In fact, they protected them.There was one day when we were out in the bay during a hunt andJames was washed off the boat.\\\"Man overboard! Turn the boat around!\\\" urged George, shoutingloudly.The sea was rough that day and it was difficult to handle the boat.The waves were carrying James further and further away from us.From James\\\'s face, I could see he was terrified of being abandonedby us. Then suddenly I saw a shark.

\\\"Look, there\\\'s a shark out there,\\\" I screamed.\\\"Don\\\'t worry, Old Tom won\\\'t let it near,\\\" Red replied.It took over half an hour to get the boat back to James, and whenwe approached him, I saw James being firmly held up in the water byOld Tom. I couldn\\\'t believe my eyes.There were shouts of \\\"Well done, Old Tom\\\" and \\\'Thank God\\\" as wepulled James back into the boat. And then Old Tom was off and backto the hunt where the other killers were still attacking thewhale.

A NEW DIMENSION OFLIFE19th JanuaryI\\\'m sitting in the warm night air with a cold drink in my hand andreflecting on the day a day of pure magic! I went snorkelling onthe reef offshore this morning and it was the most fantastic thingI have ever done. Seeing such extraordinary beauty, I think everycell in my body woke up. It was like discovering a whole newdimension of life.The first thing I became aware of was all the vivid colourssurrounding me - purples, reds, oranges, yellows, blues and greens.The corals were fantastic - they were shaped like fans, plates,brains, lace, mushrooms, the branches of trees and the horns ofdeer. And all kinds of small, neat and elegant fish were swimmingin and around the corals.

The fish didn\\\'t seem to mind me swimming among them. I especiallyloved the little orange and white fish that hid in the waving longthin seaweed. And I also loved the small fish that clean the bodiesof larger fish - I even saw them get inside their mouths and cleantheir teeth! It seemed there was a surprise waiting for me aroundevery corner as I explored small caves, shelves and narrow passageswith my underwater flashlight: the yellow and green parrotfish washanging upside down, and sucking tiny plants off the coral with itshard bird-like mouth; a yellow-spotted red sea-slug was sliding bya blue sea-star; a large wise-looking turtle was passing so closeto me that I could have touched it.

There were other creatures that I didn\\\'t want to get too close to -an eel with its strong sharp teeth, with only its head showing froma hole, watching for a tasty fish (or my tasty toe!); and the giantclam halt buried in some coral waiting for something to swim inbetween its thick green lips. Then there were two grey reef sharks,each about one and a half metres long, which suddenly appeared frombehind some coral. I told myself they weren\\\'t dangerous but thatdidn\\\'t stop me from feeling scared to death for amoment!

The water was quite shallow but where the reef ended, there was asteep drop to the sandy ocean floor. It marked a boundary and Ithought I was very brave when I swam over the edge of the reef andhung there looking down into the depths of the ocean. My heart wasbeating wildly - I felt very exposed in such deep clearwater.What a wonderful, limitless world it was down there! And what atiny spot I was in this enormous world!

选修7 Unit 4 Sharing-ReadingA LETTER HOMEDear Rosemary,Thanks for your letter, which took a fortnight to arrive. It waswonderful to hear from you. I know you\\\'re dying to hear all aboutmy life here, so I\\\'ve included some photos which will help youpicture the places I talk about.You asked about my high school. Well, it\\\'s a bush school theclassrooms are made of bamboo and the roofs of grass. It takes meonly a few minutes to walk to school down a muddy track. When Ireach the school grounds there are lots of \\\"good mornings\\\" for mefrom the boys. Many of them have walked a long way, sometimes up totwo hours, to get to school.There\\\'s no electricity or water and even no textbooks either! l\\\'mstill trying to adapt to these conditions. However, one thing isfor sure, I\\\'ve become more imaginative in my teaching. Science ismy most challenging subject as my students have no concept ofdoing experiments. In fact there is no equipment, and if I needwater I have to carry it from my house in a bucket! The other day Iwas showing the boys the weekly chemistry experiment when, before Iknew it, the mixture was bubbling over everywhere! The boys who hadnever come across anything like this before started jumping out ofthe windows. Sometimes I wonder how relevant chemistry is to thesestudents, most of whom will be going back to their villages afterYear 8 anyway. To be honest, I doubt whether I\\\'m making anydifference to these boys\\\' lives at all.

You asked whether I\\\'m getting to know any local people. Well,that\\\'s actually quite difficult as I don\\\'t speakmuch of the local English dialect yet. But last weekend anotherteacher, Jenny, and 1 did visit a village which is the home of oneof the boys, Tombe. It was my first visit to a remote village. Wewalked for two and a half hours to get there - first up a mountainto a ridge from where we had fantastic views and then down a steeppath to the valley below. When we arrived at the village, Tombe\\\'smother, Kiak, who had been pulling weeds in her garden, startedcrying \\\"ieee ieee\\\". We shook hands with all the villagers. Everyoneseemed to be a relative of Tombe\\\'s.

Tombe\\\'s father, Mukap, led us to his house, a low bamboo hut withgrass sticking out of the roof - this shows it is a man\\\'s house.The huts were round, not rectangular like the schoolbuildings.

There were no windows and the doorway was just big enough to getthrough. The hut was dark inside so it took time for our eyes toadjust. Fresh grass had been laid on the floor and there was anewly made platform for Jenny and me to sleep on. Usually Kiakwould sleep in her own hut, but that night she was going to sharethe platform with us. Mukap and Tombe were to sleep on small bedsin another part of the hut. There was a fireplace in the centre ofthe hut near the doorway. The only possessions I could see were onebroom, a few tin plates and cups and a couple ofjars.

Outside Mukap was building a fire. Once the fire was going, he laidstones on it. When hot, he placed them in an empty oil drum withkau kau (sweet potato), corn and greens. He then covered thevegetables with banana leaves and left them to steam. I sniffed thefood; it smelled delicious. We ate inside the hut sitting round thefire. I loved listening to the family softly talking to each otherin their language, even though I could not participate theconversation. Luckily, Tombe could be ourinterpreter.

Later, I noticed a tin can standing upside down on the grill overthe fire. After a short time Tombe threw it out of the doorway.Iwas puzzled. Tombe told me that the can was heated to dry out theleftover food. They believe that any leftovers attract evil spiritsin the night, so the food is dried up in the can and the can isthen thrown out of the hut. Otherwise they don\\\'t wasteanything.

We left the village the next morning after many goodbyes and firmhandshakes. My muscles were aching and my knees shaking as weclimbed down the mountain towards home. That evening I fell happilyinto bed. It was such a privilege to have spent a day with Tombe\\\'sfamily.It\\\'s getting late and I have to prepare tomorrow\\\'s lessons and dosome paperwork. Please write soon.LoveJo

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选修7 Unit 5 Travellingabroad- ReadingKEEP IT UP,XIE LEICHINESE STUDENGT FITTING WELLSix months ago Xie Lei said goodbye to her family and friends inChina and boarded a plane for London. It was the first time she hadever left her motherland. \\\"After getting my visa I was very excitedbecause I had dreamed of this day for so long. But I was also verynervous as I didn\\\'t know what to expect,\\\" Xie Lei told me when Isaw her waiting in a queue at the student cafeteria betweenlectures.Xie Lei, who is 21 years old, has come to our university to studyfor a business qualification. She is halfway through thepreparation year, which most foreign students complete beforeapplying for a degree course. Xie Lei highly recommends it. \\\"Thepreparation course is most beneficial,\\\" she said. \\\"Studying here isquite different from studying in China, so you need somepreparation first.\\\"\\\"It\\\'s not just study that\\\'s difficult. You have to get used to awhole new way of life, which can take up all your concentration inthe beginning,\\\" explained Xie Lei, who had lived all her life inthe same city in China. She told me that she had had to learnalmost everything again. \\\"Sometimes I felt like a child,\\\" she said.\\\"I had to learn how to use the phone, how to pay bus fare, and howto ask a shopkeeper for things I didn\\\'t know the English for. WhenI got lost and had to ask a passer-by for directions, I didn\\\'talways understand. They don\\\'t talk like they do on our listeningtapes,\\\" she said, laughing.Xie Lei lives with a host family who give her lots of good advice.Although some foreign students live in student accommodation orapartments, some choose to board with English families. Living withhost families, in which there may be other college students, givesher the chance to learn more about the new culture. \\\"When I hear anidiom that I don\\\'t understand, I can ask my host family for help,\\\"explains Xie Lei. \\\"Also, when I miss my family, it\\\'s a greatcomfort to have a substitute family to be with.\\\"Xie Lei\\\'s preparation course is helping her to get used to theacademic requirements of a Western university. \\\"I remember thefirst essay I did for my tutor,\\\" she told me. \\\"I found an articleon the Internet that seemed to have exactly the information Ineeded. So I made a summary of the article, revised my draft andhanded the essay in. I thought I would get a really good mark but Igot an E. I was numb with shock! So I went to my tutor to ask thereason for his revision. First of all, he told me, I couldn\\\'t writewhat other people had said without acknowledging them. Besides, asfar as he was concerned, what other people thought was not the mostimportant thing. He wanted to know what I thought, which confusedme because I thought that the author of the article knew far morethan I did. My tutor explained that I should read lots of differenttexts that contain different opinions and analyse what I read.Then, in my essay, I should give my own opinion and explain it byreferring to other authors. Finally he even encouraged me tocontradict the authors I\\\'d read! At first I lacked confidence, butnow I\\\'m beginning to get the idea and my marks have improved. Moreimportantly, I am now a more autonomous learner.\\\"Xie Lei told me that she feels much more at home in England now,and what had seemed very strange before now appears quite normal.\\\"I\\\'ve just got one more thing to achieve. I have been so occupiedwith work that I haven\\\'t had time for social activities. I thinkit\\\'s important to have a balance between study and a social life,so I\\\'m going to join a few clubs. Hope- fully I\\\'ll make some newfriends.\\\"We will follow Xie Lei\\\'s progress in later editions of thisnewspaper but for now, we wish Xie Lei all the best in her newenterprise. She deserves to succeed.

PERUPeru offers a variety of experiences from ancient ruins andcenturies-old Spanish villages to thick forests, high mountains anddesert coastline. TRAVEL PERU offers tours for all ages and tastes.The following tours are based at Cuzco, the site of the ancientcapital of the Inca civilization.Tour 1Experience the jungle and its diverse wildlife close up. Duringthis four-day walking tour, you will be amazed by mountain sceneryand the ancient ruins we pass on our hike. On the last day, wearrive at the ruins of Machu Picchu in time to see the sunrise overthe Andes. Spend the day visiting the ruins of this ancient Incacity before catching the train back to Cuzco.

Tour 2A full-day trip by road from Cuzco to Puno with fantastic views ofthe highland countryside. From Puno, we travel by boat across LakeTiticaca, stopping on the way at the floating islands of the Urospeople. These floating islands and the Uros Indian\\\'s houses aremade of the water plants that grow in the lake. A full-day staywith a local family gives you an opportunity to learn more abouttheir life. Return to Puno on the fourth day for your flight backto Lima.Tour 3Spend four days high in the-Andes at Cuzco. Learn about its historyand visit the museums. Admire the Spanish architecture, enjoy someexcellent Spanish cuisine and take some time to bargain for somesouvenirs at the colourful markets. Take the train up to MachuPicchu for a guided tour of the ruins and the royal tomb of theInca king.Tour 4A short flight from Cuzco takes you from the Andes into thelowlands of the Amazon Jungle. From here you\\\'ll travel by boat toyour accommodation in a forest reserve, which holds the record forthe most bird sightings in one area. From the guesthouse you canexplore the jungle in the company of a localguide.

选修8 Unit 1 A landof diversity-ReadingCALIFORNIA

California is thethird largest state in the USA but has the largest population. Italso has the distinction of being the most multicultural state inthe USA, having attracted people from all over the world. Thecustoms and languages of the immigrants live on in their new home.This diversity of culture is not surprising when you know thehistory of California.NATIVE AMERCANS Exactly whenthe first people arrived in what we now know as California, no onereally knows. However, it is likely that Native Americans wereliving in California at least fifteen thousand years ago.Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait inthe Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed inprehistoric times. In the 16th century, after the arrival of theEuropeans, the native people suffered greatly. Thousands werekilled or forced into slavery. In addition, many died from thediseases brought by the Europeans. However, some survived theseterrible times, and today there are more Native Americans living inCalifornia than in any other state.THE SPANISH In the 18thcentury California was ruled by Spain. Spanish soldiers firstarrived in South America in the early 16th century, when theyfought against the native people and took their land. Two centurieslater, the Spanish had settled in most parts of South America andalong the northwest coast of what we now call the United States. Ofthe first Spanish to go to California, the majority were religiousmen, whose ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to thenatives. In 1821, the people of Mexico gained their independencefrom Spain. California then became part of Mexico. In 1846 theUnited States declared war on Mexico, and after the war won by theUSA, Mexico had to give California to the USA. However, there isstill a strong Spanish influence in the state. That is why todayover 40 of Californians speak Spanish as a first or secondlanguage.

RUSSIANS

In the early1800s, Russian hunters, who had originally gone to Alaska, begansettling in California. Today there are about 25,000Russian-Americans living in and around San Francisco.GOLD MINERS In 1848, notlong after the American-Mexican war, gold was discovered inCalifornia. The dream of becoming rich quickly attracted peoplefrom all over the world. The nearest, and therefore the first toarrive, were South Americans and people from the United States.Then adventurers from Europe and Asia soon followed. In fact, fewachieved their dream of becoming rich. Some died or returned home,but most remained in California to make a life for themselvesdespite great hardship. They settled in the new towns or on farms.By the time California elected to become the thirty-first federalstate of the USA in 1850, it was already a multiculturalsociety.

LATER A RRIVALS

Although Chinese immigrants began to arrive during the Gold RushPeriod, it was the building of the rail network from the west tothe east coast that brought even larger numbers to California inthe 1860s. Today, Chinese-Americans live in all parts ofCalifornia, although a large percentage have chosen to stay in the\\\"Chinatowns\\\" of Los Angeles and San Francisco.Other immigrants such as Italians, mainly fishermen but also winemakers, arrived in California in the late 19th century. In 1911immigrants from Denmark established a town of their own, whichtoday still keeps up their Danish culture. By the 1920s the filmindustry was well established in Hollywood, California. Theindustry boom attracted Europeans including many Jewish people.Today California has the second largest Jewish population in theUnited States.Japanese farmers began arriving in California at the beginning ofthe 20th century, and since the 1980s a lot more have settledthere. People from Africa have been living in California since the1800s, when they moved north from Mexico. However, even morearrived between 1942 and 1945 to work in the ship and aircraftindustries.

MOST RECENT ARRIVALS

In more recent decades, California has become home to more peoplefrom Asia, including Koreans, Cambodians, Vietnamese and Laotians.Since its beginning in the 1970s, the computer industry hasattracted Indians and Pakistanis to California.

THE FUTURE

People from different parts of the world, attracted by the climateand the lifestyle, still immigrate to California. It is believedthat before long the mix of nationalities will be so great thatthere will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups, butsimply a mixture of many races and cultures.

GEORGE’S DIARY12TH—14TH JUNE

Monday 12th, JuneArrived early this morning by bus. Went straight to hotel to dropmy luggage, shower and shave. Then went exploring. First thing wasa ride on a cable car. From top of the hill got a spectacular viewof San Francisco Bay and the city. Built in 1873, the cable carsystem was invented by Andrew Hallidie, who wanted to find a betterform of transport than horse-drawn trams.Apparently he\\\'d been shocked when he saw a terrible accident inwhich a tram\\\'s brakes failed, the conductor could not control thesituation and the tram slipped down the hill dragging the horseswith it.Had a late lunch at Fisherman\\\'s What. This is the district whereItalian fishermen first came to San Francisco in the late 19thcentury and began the fishing industry. Now it\\\'s a tourist areawith lots of shops, sea food restaurants and bakeries. It\\\'s alsothe place to catch the ferry to Angel Island and other places inthe Bay.Did so much exploring at Fisherman\\\'s What. Am exhausted and don\\\'tfeel like doing anything else. Early bed tonight!Tuesday 13th, JuneTeamed up with a couple from my hotel (Peter and Terri) and hired acar. Spent all day driving around the city. There\\\'s a fascinatingdrive marked out for tourists. It has blue and white signs withseagulls on them to show the way to go. It\\\'s a 79km round-trip thattakes in all the famous tourist spots. Stopped many times to admirethe view of the city from different angles and take photographs.Now have a really good idea of what the city\\\'s like.In evening, went to Chinatown with Peter and Terri. Chineseimmigrants settled in this area in the 1850s. The fronts of thebuildings are decorated to look like old buildings in southernChina. Saw some interesting temples here, a number of markets and agreat many restaurants. Also art galleries and a museum containingdocuments, photographs and all sorts of objects about the historyof Chinese immigration, but it is closed in the evening. Will goback during the day. Had a delicious meal and then walked down thehill to our hotel.Wednesday 14th, JuneIn morning, took ferry to Angel Island from the port in SanFrancisco Bay. On the way had a good view of the Golden GateBridge. From 1882 to 1940 Angel Island was a famous immigrationstation where many Chinese people applied for right to live in USA.The cells in the station were very small, cold and damp; some didnot even have light but the immigrants had nowhere else to go.Their miserable stay seemed to be punishment rather than justiceand freedom to them. They wrote poems on the walls about theirloneliness and mourned their former life in China. In 1940 thecivil authorities reformed the system so that many more Chinesepeople were able to grasp the opportunity of settling in the USA.Made me very thoughtful and thankful for my lifetoday.

Unit 2 Cloning-Reading

CLONING: WHERE IS IT LEADING US?

Cloning has always been with us and is here to stay. It is a way ofmaking an exact copy of another animal or plant. It happens inplants when gardeners take cuttings from growing plants to make newones. It also happens in animals when twins identical in sex andappearance are produced from the same original egg. The fact isthat these are both examples of natural clones.Cloning has two major uses. Firstly, gardeners use it all the timeto produce commercial quantities of plants. Secondly, it isvaluable for research on new plant species and for medical researchon animals. Cloning plants is straightforward while cloning animalsis very complicated. It is a difficult task to undertake. Manyattempts to clone mammals failed. But at last the determination andpatience of the scientists paid off in 1996 with a breakthrough -the cloning of Dolly the sheep. The procedure works likethis:

On the one hand, the whole scientific world followed the progressof the first successful clone, Dolly the sheep. The fact that sheseemed to develop normally was very encouraging. Then came thedisturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill. Cloningscientists were cast down to find that Dolly\\\'s illnesses were moreappropriate to a much older animal. Altogether Dolly lived six anda half years, half the length of the life of the original sheep.Sadly the same arbitrary fate affected other species, such ascloned mice. The questions that concerned all scientists were:\\\"Would this be a major difficulty for all cloned animals? Would ithappen forever? Could it be solved if corrections were made intheir research procedure?\\\"

On the other hand, Dolly\\\'s appearance raised a storm of objectionsand had a great impact on the media and public imagination. Itbecame controversial. It suddenly opened everybody\\\'s eyes to thepossibility of using cloning to cure serious illnesses and even toproduce human beings.

Although at present human egg cells and embryos needed for cloningresearch are difficult to obtain, newspapers wrote of evil leadershoping to clone themselves to attain their ambitions. Religiousleaders also raised moral questions. Governments became nervous andmore conservative. Some began to reform their legal systems andforbade research into human cloning, but other countries like Chinaand the UK, continued to accumulate evidence of the abundantmedical aid that cloning could provide. However, scientists stillwonder whether cloning will help or harm us and where it is leadingus.

克隆一直在我们左右并且已经被大多数人接受。它是一种用来准确复制其他动物或者植物的方法。在植物方面，克隆就发生在园丁从正在生长的植物上切去切口用来制造新的植株的时候。在动物方面也有克隆现象，比如说两个拥有同样性别以及外貌的同卵双胞胎。这两个事实都是自然界里的克隆例子。克隆有2方面的主要用途。首先，园丁可以一直用它生产具有商业价值的植物。其次，它对于新的植物物种以及动物医药方面的研究极具价值性。植物克隆相对于动物克隆来说简单得多，而动物克隆则比较困难。动物克隆是一项难以施行的任务。许多去克隆哺乳动物的尝试都以失败告终。但是在最后，科学家们凭借着决心和耐心终于在1996年取得了突破性的成功——成功地克隆出了多利羊。这项工作的步骤如下：1.从母羊A体内取出卵细胞。2.将细胞核从该卵细胞中移除。3.该卵细胞为另一个新的细胞核准备。4.从母羊B体内取出体细胞用于克隆。该体细胞内的细胞核包含了克隆一只新的羊所需的全部基因。5.将该细胞核从体细胞中取出。6.用电激的方法将从母羊B体内取出的细胞核与从母羊A体内取出的卵细胞融合。7.重新融合的细胞在胚胎内分裂、生长。8.将胚胎植入母羊C的体内，它将成为该克隆的携带者。9.克隆出来的小羊羔体内细胞的基因来自于提供细胞核的母羊B。

THE RETURN OF THE DINOSAURS?

The possibility of cloning fierce and extinct wild animals hasalways excited film makers. And they are not the only ones! Thepopularity of films such as Jurassic Park, in which a scientistclones several kinds of extinct dinosaurs, proves how the ideastruck a mixture of fear and excitement into people\\\'s hearts. Butin fact we are a long way from being able to clone extinct animals.Scientists are still experimenting with cloning mammals. This isbecause the cloning of mammals is still a new science and its storyonly began seriously in the 1950s as this list shows: 1950s cloning offrogs1996 first clone of a mammal: Dolly the sheep 1970s research using theembryos ofmice2000cow gave birth to a bison 1979 work on embryos of sheepmice2001China\\\'s first cloned twin calves 1981 first experimental clonesmice2002first cloned cats 1983 first experimental clonescows2005first cloned dog…From time to time people suggest that extinct animals likedinosaurs, can possibly be brought back to life through cloning.Unfortunately, with what we know now, this is either impossible orunsuitable. There are many reasons. The initial requirement is that you need perfect DNA (which givesinformation for how cellsare to grow). All efforts of cloning an animal will be in vain if there is notenough diversity in the group to overcome illnesses. Diversity in agroup meanshaving animals with their genes arranged in different ways. Theadvantage is that if there is a new illness some of these animalsmay die,but others will survive and pass on the ability to resist thatdisease to the next generation. The great drawback to cloning agroup ofanimals is that they would all have the same arrangement of genesand so might die of the same illness. Then none of them would beleft tocontinue the species. It would be unfair to clone any extinct animals if they were tolive in a zoo. A suitable habitat would be needed for them to leada natural life.Based on what we know now, you cannot clone animals that have beenextinct longer than 10,000 years. Actually, dinosaurs disappeared65,000,000 years ago. So the chance of dinosaurs ever returning tothe earth is merely a dream.

选修8Unit 3

Inventors andinventions-Reading

THE PROBLEM OF THESHRIKES

When I called up my mother in the countryside on the telephone shewas very upset. \\\"There are some snakes in our courtyard,\\\" she toldme. \\\"Snakes come near the house now and then, and they seem to havemade their home here, not far from the walnut tree. Can you get ridof them please?\\\" I felt very proud. Here was a chance for .me todistinguish myself by inventing something merciful that would catchsnakes but not harm them. I knew my parents would not like me tohurt these living creatures!The first thing I did was to see if there were any products thatmight help me, but there only seemed to be powders designed to killsnakes. A new approach was clearly needed. I set about researchingthe habits of snakes to find the easiest way to trap them. Luckilythese reptiles are small and that made the solution easier.Prepared with some research findings, I decided on three possibleapproaches: firstly, removing their habitat; secondly, attractingthem into a trap using male or female perfume or food; and thirdlycooling them so that they would become sleepy and could be easilycaught. I decided to use the last one. I bought an ice-cream makerwhich was made of stainless steel. Between the outside and theinside walls of the bowl there is some jelly, which freezes whencooled. I put the bowl into the fridge and waited for 24 hours. Atthe same time I prepared some ice-cubes.The next morning I got up early before the sun was hot. I placedthe frozen bowl over the snakes\\\' habitat and the ice-cubes on topof the bowl to keep it cool. Finally I covered the whole thing witha large bucket. Then I waited. After two hours I removed the bucketand the bowl. The snakes were less active but they were still toofast for me. They abruptly disappeared into a convenient hole inthe wall. So I had to adjust my plan.For the second attempt I froze the bowl and the ice-cubes again butplaced them over the snakes\\\' habitat in the evening, as thetemperature was starting to cool. Then as before, I covered thebowl with the bucket and left everything overnight. Early the nextmorning I returned to see the result. This time with great cautionI bent down to examine the snakes and I found them very sleepy. Butonce picked up, they tried to bite me. As they were poisonoussnakes, I clearly needed to improve my design again. My third attempt repeated thesecond procedure. The next morning I carried in my hand a small netused for catching fish. This was in the expectation that the snakeswould bite again. But monitored carefully, the snakes proved to beno trouble and all went according to plan. I collected the passivesnakes and the next day we merrily released them all back into thewild.Pressed by my friends and relations, I decided to seize theopportunity to get recognition formy successful idea by sending my invention to the patent office.Only after you have had thatrecognition can you say that you are truly an inventor. Thecriteria are so strict that it is difficult to get new ideasaccepted unless they are truly novel. In addition, no inventionwill get a patent if it is: a discovery a scientific idea or mathematical model literature or art a game or a business a computer programme a new animal or plant varietyNor will you receive a patent until a search has been made to findout that your product reallyis different from everyone else\\\'s. There are a large number ofpatent examiners, too, whose only job is to examine whether yourclaim is valid or not. If it passes all the tests, your applicationfor a patent will be published 18 months from the date you apply.So I have filled in the form and filed my patent application withthe Patent Office. Now it\\\'s a matter of waiting and hoping. You\\\'llknow if I succeed by the size of my bank balance! Wish meluck!

ALEXANDER GRAHAMBELL

Alexander Graham Bell was born in 1847 in Scotland, but when he wasyoung his family moved to Boston, USA. His mother was almostentirely deaf, so Alexander became interested in helping deafpeople communicate and in deaf education. This interest led him toinvent the microphone. He found that by pressing his lips againsthis mother\\\'s forehead, he could make his mother understand what hewas saying.He believed that one should always be curious and his most famoussaying was:\\\"Leave the beaten track occasionally and dive into the woods. Everytime you do you will be certain to find something that you havenever seen before. Follow it up, explore all around it, and beforeyou know it, you will have something worth thinking about to occupyyour mind. All really big discoveries are the result ofthought.\\\"It was this exploring around problems and hisdynamic spirit that led to his most famous invention - thetelephone in 1876. Bell never set out to invent the telephone andwhat he was trying to design was a multiple telegraph. Thisoriginal telegraph sent a message over distances using Morse code(a series of dots tapped out along a wire in a particular order).But only one message could go at a time. Bell wanted to improve itso that it could send several messages at the same time. Hedesigned a machine that would separate different sound waves andallow different conversations to be held at the same time. But hefound the problem difficult to solve. One day as he wasexperimenting with one end of a straw joined to a deaf man\\\'s eardrum and the other to a piece of smoked glass, Bell noticed thatwhen he spoke into the ear, the straw drew sound waves on theglass. Suddenly he had a flash of inspiration. If sound waves couldbe reproduced in a moving electrical current, they could be sentalong a wire. In searching to improve the telegraph,Bell had invented the first telephone!Bell was fully aware of the importance of his invention and wroteto his father:\\\"The day is coming when telegraph wires will be laid on to housesjust like water or gas and friends will talk to each otherwithout leaving home.\\\"The patent was given in 1876, but it was not until five days laterthat Bell sent his first telephone message to his assistant Watson.The words have now become famous:\\\"Mr Watson - come here - I want to see you.\\\" AlexanderGraham Bell was not a man to rest and he interested himself in manyother areas of invention. He experimented with helicopter designsand flying machines. While searching for a kite strong enough tocarry a man into the air, Bell experimented putting trianglestogether and discovered the tetrahedron shape. Being very stable,it has proved invaluable in the design of bridges. Bell was aninventor all his life. He made his first invention at eleven andhis last at seventy- five. Although he is most often associatedwith the invention of the telephone, he was indeed a continuingsearcher after practical solutions to improve the quality ofeverybody\\\'s life.

Unit 4 Pygmalion-Reading

PYGMALION

MAINCHARACTERS:Eliza Doolittle(E):a poor flower girl who is ambitious to improve herselfProfessor Higgins (H): an expert in phonetics,convinced that the quality of a person\\\'s English decides his/herposition in societyColonel Pickering (CP): an officer in the army and later a friendof Higgins\\\' who sets him a taskOneFATEFULMEETINGS

11 :15 pm in London, England in 1914 outside a theatre. It ispouring with rain and cab whistles are blowing in all directions. Aman is hiding from the rain listening to people\\\'s language andwatching their reactions. While watching, he makes notes. Nearby aflower girl wearing dark garments and a woollen scarf is alsosheltering from the rain. A gentleman (G) passes and hesitates fora moment.E: Come over’ere, cap’in, and buy me flowers off a poor girl.G: I\\\'m sorry but I haven\\\'t any change.E: I can giv’ou change, cap’in.G: (surprised) For a pound? I\\\'m afraid I\\\'ve got nothing less.E: (hopefully) Oah! Oh, do buy a flower offme, Captain. Take this for three pence. (holds upsome dead flowers)G: (uncomfortably) Now don\\\'t be troublesome, there\\\'s a good girl.(looks in his wallet and sounds more friendly) But, wait, here\\\'ssome small change. Will that be of any use to you? It\\\'s rainingheavily now, isn\\\'t it? (leaves)E: (disappointed at the outcome, but thinking it is better thannothing) Thank you, sir. (sees a man taking notes and feelsworried) Hey! I ain’t done nothing wrong by speaking to thatgentleman. I\\\'ve a right to sell flowers, I have. I ain’t no thief.I\\\'m an honest girl I am! (begins to cry)H: (kindly) There! There! Who\\\'s hurting you, you silly girl? Whatdo you take me for? (gives her a handkerchief)E: I thought maybe you was a policeman in disguise.H: Do I look like a policeman?E: (still worried) Then why did \\\'ou take down my words for? How doI know whether \\\'ou took me down right? \\\'ou just show me what \\\'ou\\\'vewrote about me!H: Here you are. (hands over the paper covered in writing)E: What\\\'s that? That ain\\\'t proper writing. I can\\\'t read that.(pushes it back at him)H: I can. (reads imitating Eliza) \\\"Come over\\\' ere, cap\\\'in, and buyme flowers off a poor girl.\\\" (in his own voice) There you are andyou were bornin Lisson Grove if I\\\'m not mistaken.E: (looking confused) What if I was? What\\\'s it to you?CP: (has been watching the girl and now speaks to Higgins) That\\\'squite brilliant! How did you do that, may I ask?H: Simply phonetics studied and classified from people\\\'s ownspeech. That\\\'s my profession and also my hobby.You can place a man by just a few remarks. I can place any spokenconversation within six miles, and even within two streets inLondon sometimes.

CP: Let mecongratulate you! But is there an income to be made in that?H: Yes, indeed. Quite a good one. This is the age of the newlyrich. People begin their working life in a poor neighbourhood ofLondon with 80 pounds a year and end in a rich one with100 thousand. But they betray themselves everytime they open their mouths. Now once taught by me, she\\\'d become anupper class lady ...CP: Is that so? Extraordinary!H: (rudely) Look at this girl with her terrible English: theEnglish that will condemn her to the gutter to the end of her days.But, sir, (proudly) once educated to speakproperly, that girl could pass herself off in three months as aduchess at an ambassador\\\'s garden party. Perhaps I could even findher a place as a lady\\\'s maid or a shop assistant, which requiresbetter English.E: What\\\'s that you say? A shop assistant? Now that\\\'s sommat I want,that is!H: (ignores her) Can you believe that?CP: Of course! I study many Indian dialects myself and ...H: Do you indeed? Do you know Colonel Pickering?CP: Indeed I do, for that is me. Who are you?H: I\\\'m Henry Higgins and I was going to India to meet you.CP: And I came to England to make your acquaintance!E: What about me? How\\\'ll you help me?H: Oh, take that. (carelessly throws a handful of money into herbasket) We must have a celebration, my dear man. (leavetogether)E: (looking at the collected money in amazement) Well, I never. Awhole pound! A fortune! That\\\'ll help me, indeed it will. TomorrowI\\\'ll find you, Henry Higgins. Just you wait and see! All that talkof (imitates him) \\\"authentic English\\\" ... (in her own voice) I\\\'llsee whether you can get that for me ... (goesout)

Two, Scene1MAKING THE BET

It is 11am in Henry Higgins\\\' house the next day. Henry Higgins andColonel Pickering are sitting deep in conversation.H: Do youwant to hear any more sounds?CP: No, thank you. I rather fancied myself because I can pronouncetwenty-four distinct vowel sounds; but your one hundred and thirtybeat me. I can\\\'t distinguish most of them.H: (laughing) Well, that comeswith practice.There is a knock and Mrs Pearce (MP), the housekeeper, comes inwith cookies, a teapot, some cream and two cups.MP: (hesitating) A young girl is asking to see you.H: A younggirl! What does she want?MP: Well, she\\\'s quite a common kind of girl with dirty nails.Ithought perhaps you wanted her to talk into your machines.H: Why? Hasshe got an interesting accent? We\\\'ll see.Show her in, MrsPearce.MP: (only half resigned to it) Very well, sir. (goesdownstairs)H: This is abit of luck. I\\\'ll show you how I make records on wax disks...MP: (returning) This is the young girl, sir. (Eliza comes into theroom shyly following Mrs Pearce. She is dirty and wearing a shabbydress. She curtsies to the two men.)H:(disappointed) Why! I\\\'ve got this girl in my records. She\\\'s the onewe saw the other day. She\\\'s no use at all. Takeher away.CP: (gently to Eliza) What do you-want, young lady?E: (upset) Iwanna be a lady in a flower shop \\\'stead o\\\' selling flowers in thestreet. But they won\\\'t take me \\\'less I speak better. So here I am,ready to pay him. I\\\'m not asking for any favours - and he treats melike dirt.H: How much?E: (happier) Now yer talking. A lady friend of mine gets Frenchlessons for two shillings an hour from a real Frenchman. Youwouldn\\\'t have the face to ask me for the same for teaching me asyer would for French. So I won\\\'t give yer more than ashilling.H: (ignoring Eliza and speaking to Pickering) If you think of howmuch money this girl has - why, it\\\'s the best offer I\\\'ve had! (toEliza) But if I teach you, I\\\'ll be worse than a father.CP: I say, Higgins. Do you remember what you said last night? I\\\'llsay you\\\'re the greatest teacher alive if you can pass her off as alady. I\\\'ll be the referee for this little bet and pay for thelessons too ...E: (gratefully) Oh, yer real good, yer are. Thankyou, Colonel.H: Oh, she is so deliciously low. (compromises) OK, I\\\'ll teach you.(to Mrs Pearce) But she\\\'ll need to be cleaned first. Take her away,Mrs Pearce. Wash her and burn her horrible clothes. We\\\'ll buy hernew ones. What\\\'s your name, girl?E: I\\\'m Eliza Doolittle and I\\\'m clean. My clothes went to thelaundry when I washed last week.MP: Well, Mr Higgins has a bathtub of his own and he has a bathevery morning. If these two gentlemen teach you, you\\\'ll have to dothe same. They won\\\'t like the smell of you otherwise.E: (sobbing) I can\\\'t. I dursn\\\'t. It ain\\\'t natural and it\\\'d kill me.I\\\'ve never had a bath in my life; not over mywhole body, neither below my waist nor taking my vest off. I\\\'dnever have come if I\\\'d known about this disgusting thing you wantme to do ...H: Once more, take her away, Mrs Pearce, immediately. (OutsideEliza is still weeping with Mrs Pearce) You see the problem,Pickering. It\\\'ll be how to teach her grammar, not justpronunciation. She\\\'s in need of both.CP: And there\\\'s another problem, Higgins. What are we going to doonce the experiment is over?H: (heartily) Throw herback.CP: But you cannot overlook that! She\\\'ll be changed and she hasfeelings too. We must be practical, mustn\\\'t we?H: Well,we\\\'ll deal with that later. First, we must plan the best way toteach her.CP: How about beginning with the alphabet. That\\\'s usuallyconsidered very effective ... (fades out as they go offstagetogether)

Unit 5 Meeting your ancestors-ReadingA VISIT TO THE ZHOUKOUDIAIN CAVES

Agroup of students (S) from England has come to the Zhoukoudiancaves for a visit. An archaeologist (A) is showing themround.A: Welcome to the Zhoukoudian caves here inChina. It is a great pleasure to meet you students from England,who are interested in archaeology. You must be aware that it\\\'s herethat we found evidence of some of the earliest people who lived inthis part of the world. We\\\'ve been excavating here for many yearsand ...S1: I\\\'m sorry to interrupt you but how could they live here? Thereare only rocks and trees.A: Good question. You are an acute observer. We have found humanand animal bones in those caves higher up the hill as well as toolsand other objects. So we think it is reasonable to assume theylived in these caves, regardless of the cold.S2: How did they keep warm? They couldn\\\'t have mats, blankets orquilts like we do. It must have been very uncomfortable.A: We\\\'ve discovered fireplaces in the centre of the caves wherethey made fires. That would have kept them warm, cooked the foodand scared wild beasts away as well. We have been excavating layersof ash almost six metres thick, which suggests that they might havekept the fire burning all winter. We haven\\\'t found any doors but wethink they might have hung animal skins at the cave mouth to keepout the cold during the freezing winter.S3: What wild animals were there all that time ago?A: Well, we\\\'ve been finding the bones of tigers and bears in thecaves, and we think these were their most dangerous enemies. Nowwhat do you think this tells us about the life of these earlypeople? (shows picture of a sewing needle)S2.: Gosh! That\\\'s a needle. Goodness, does that mean they repairedthings?A: What else do you think it might have been used for?S4: Let me look at it. It\\\'s at most three centimetres long. Ah yes,it seems to be made of bone. I wonder how they made the hole forthe ...S2: (interrupting) Do you mean that they made their own clothes?Where did they get the material?A: They didn\\\'t have material like we have today. Can you guess whatthey used?Sl: Wow! Did they wear clothes made entirely of animal skins? Howdid they prepare them? I\\\'m sure they were quiteheavy to cut and sew together.A: Our evidence suggests that they did wear clothes made fromanimal skins. We continue discovering tools that were sharpenersfor other tools. It seems that they used the sharpened stone toolsto cut up animals and remove their skin. Then smaller scrapers wereprobably used to remove the fat and meat from the skin. After thatthey would rub an ample amount of salt onto the skin to make itsoft. Finally, they would cut it and sew the pieces together. Quitea difficult and messy task! Now look at this. (shows anecklace)S2:Why, it\\\'s a primitive necklace. Did early people really careabout their appearance like we do? It\\\'s lovely!A:Yes, and so well preserved. What do you think it\\\'s madeof?.S4:Let me see. Oh, I think some of the beads are made of animalbones but others are made of shells.A:How clever you are! One bone is actually an animal tooth and theshells are from the seaside. Can you identify any otherbones?S1:This one looks very much like a fish bone. Is thatreasonable?A:Yes, indeed, as the botanical analyses have shown us, all thefields around here used to be part of a large shallow lake.Probably there were fish in it.S3:But a lake is not the sea. We are miles from the sea, so how didthe seashells get here?A:Perhaps there was trade between early peoples or they travelledto the seaside on their journeys. We know that they moved around,following the herds of animals. They didn\\\'t grow their own crops,but picked fruit when it ripened and hunted animals. That\\\'s whythey are called hunters and gatherers. Now, why don\\\'t we go andvisit the caves?THE FEAST: 18,000 BC

Worried about the preparations for her feast, Lala quickly turnedfor home with her collection of nuts, melons and other fruit. Itwas the custom of family groups to separate and then gather againat different sites for reunions as they followed the animal herdsacross the grasslands. A wrinkle appeared on her forehead. If onlyit could be just like last year! At that time she had been so happywhen Dahu chose her as the future mother of his children. He wasthe best toolmaker in the group and it was a great honour for herto be chosen. She remembered the blood pulsing through her veins.She had felt so proud as the group shouted loudly to applaud hischoice. If only she had looked ahead and planned better this year!Then she wouldn\\\'t have been feeling so worried now.Having heard wolves howling in the forest, Lala accelerated herwalk up the path to the caves fearing that there might be wildbeasts lying in wait for her. She had no man with his spear toprotect her. She had almost reached her destination when adelicious smell arrested her progress and she stopped. So the menhad brought home the meat for the feast! The smell of cooking meatfilled the air surrounding her, and her senses became dizzy withhunger. She could see her mother and the older children preparingthe deer and pig meat over the fire. Her aunts were making clotheswith animal skins. Abruptly she sat down, only to be scooped up byher laughing, shouting sister, Luna. Lala smiled with relief. Itwas good to have her family around her.Just then a tall man came up behind her. He had a large, squareface, with strongly pronounced eyebrows and cheekbones. Over hisshoulder he carried several fish and some pieces of wood under hisarm. Lala smiled and handed some stone scrapers over to Dahu, whosmiled and went outside the cave to begin his task.First he looked carefully at the scrapers and then went to a cornerof the cave and pulled out some more tools. They were in a pilewith other sharp arrowheads and stone axe-heads. He chose one largestone and began to use it like a hammer striking the edge of thescraper that needed sharpening. Now and then Dahu would stop, lookat it and try it against his hand before continuing his task. Hestopped when he felt the scrapers were sharp enough to cut up themeat and scrape the fish. As he passed them to Lala, the first ofthe guests from the neighbouring caves began to arrive for dinner.Lala\\\'s spirits rose. Yes, it was going to be just as wonderful aslast year! She smiled to herself gaily and went out of the cave towelcome her friends and neighbours.

她担心准备盛宴,Lala迅速转过身来,用她的家、西瓜和坚果收集其他水果。这是家庭群体的习惯,然后又聚集到单独在不同的地点,由于他们要跟着兽群穿过草地。她的前额上出现了皱纹。如果只可能是和去年一样!当时她已经很开心,当Dahu选她为未来的母亲的孩子。他是最好的机床维修工、在集团是一个巨大的荣誉,她被选中。她记得她的血管里流人血的罪、脉冲通过。她感到非常的骄傲的高声地来赞赏他的选择。她要是展望,今年计划更好!然后她就不会觉得那么担心了。听见狼咆哮在森林中,Lala加速其走上了通往洞穴担心会有野兽躺在等候她。她没有人用枪来保护自己。她几乎已经到达目的地时,她的进步和芳香的气味逮捕她停了下来。所以这个男人领回家过节的肉!肉的香味,周围的空气充满了她,她的感觉变得头晕与饥饿。她能看到她的母亲和年长的孩子准备鹿和猪肉在火上。她的姑妈是用兽皮做衣服。她突然坐下来,只能由她笑筛子,妹妹,露。Lala松了一口气,笑了。很高兴有她的家人。就在这时,一个高个子男人走过来站在她身后。他有一个大的,方脸,具有强烈的明显的眉毛和颧骨。在他的肩膀,他抬几鱼和几块木头在他的胳膊。Lala笑了笑,然后递给我一些石头刮到Dahu,笑了笑,然后走出山洞开始他的任务。首先,他仔细地看着这铲运机,然后去了一个角落的洞穴,拿出一些工具。他们在一桩与其他锐利的箭头和石头把斧头。他选了一个大块石头,开始就好像用锤子敲击边缘的需要磨机。现在,然后Dahu会停下来,看看它并试着它攻击他的手继续前他的任务。他停下来的时候,他觉得被刀刮刮切肉和鱼。当他通过他们Lala,客人们从邻近的洞穴开始到吃晚饭。Lala的情绪也高涨起来。是的,它将会是与去年一样精彩!她微笑地对自己曾经、从洞里出去迎接她的朋友们和邻居们。

选修9 Unit 1 Breakingrecords-Reading\\\"THE ROAD IS ALWAYS AHEAD OF YOU\\\"Ashrita Furman is a sportsman who likes the challenge of breakingGuinness records. Over the last 25 years, he hasbrokenapproximately 93 Guinness records. More than twenty of these hestill holds, including the record for having the most records. Butthese records are not made in any conventional sport like swimmingor soccer. Rather Ashrita attempts to break records in veryimaginative events and in very interesting places.Recently, Ashrita achieved his dream of breaking a record in allseven continents, including hula hooping in Australia, pogo stickjumping under water in South America, and performing deep kneebends in a hot air balloon in North America.While these activities might seem childish and cause laughterrather than respect, in reality they require an enormous amount ofstrength and fitness as well as determination.Think about the fine neck adjustments needed to keep a full bottleof milk on your head while you are walking. You can stop to rest oreat but the bottle has to stay on your head.While Ashrita makes standing on top of a 75 cm Swiss ball lookeasy, it is not. It takes a lot of concentration and a great senseof balance to stay on it. You have to struggle to stay on topespecially when your legs start shaking.And what about somersaulting along a road for 12 miles?Somersaulting is a tough event as you have to overcome dizziness,extreme tiredness and pain. You are permitted to rest for only fiveminutes in every hour of rolling but you are allowed to stopbriefly to vomit.Covering a mile in the fastest time while doing gymnasticallycorrect lunges is yet another event in which Ashrita isoutstanding. Lunges are extremely hard on your legs. You start bystanding and then you step forward with the fight foot whiletouching the left knee to the ground. Then you stand up again andstep forward with the left foot while touching the fight knee tothe ground. Imagine doing this for a mile!Yet this talented sportsman is not a natural athlete. As a child hewas very unfit and was not at all interested in sports. However, hewas fascinated by the Guinness Book of World Records.How Ashrita came to be a sportsman is an interesting story. As ateenager, he began searching for a deeper meaning in life. Hestudied Eastern religions and, aged 16, discovered an Indianmeditation teacher called Sri Chinmoy who lived in hisneighbourhood in New York City. Since that time in the early 1970s,Ashrita has been one of Sri Chinmoy\\\'s students. Sri Chinmoy saysthat it is just as important for people to develop their bodies asit is to develop their minds, hearts and spiritual selves. Hebelieves that there is no limit to people\\\'s physicalabilities.When Ashrita came third in a 24-hour bicycle marathon in New York\\\'sCentral Park in 1978, he knew that he would one day get into theGuinness Book of World Records. He had been urged by his spiritualleader to enter the marathon even though he had done no training.So, when he won third place, he came to the understanding that hisbody was just an instrument of the spirit and that he seemed to beable to use his spirit to accomplish anything. From then on,Ashrita refused to accept any physical limitation.With this new confidence, Asharita broke his first Guinness recordwith 27,000 jumping jacks in 1979. The motivation to keep trying tobreak records comes through his devotion to Sri Chinmoy. Every timeAshrita tries to break a record, he reaches a point where he feelshe cannot physically do any more. At that moment, he goes deepwithin himself and connects with his soul and his teacher.Ashrita always acknowledges his teacher in his record-breakingattempts.In fact, he often wears a T-shirt with Sri Chinmoy\\\'s wordson the back. The words are:\\\"There is only one perfect road. It is ahead of you, always aheadof you.\\\"

FOCUSON ...Lance ArmstrongDate of Birth: 8th September, 1971Country: USALance Armstrong\\\'s Guinness record for the fastest average speed atthe Tour de France was set in 1999 with an average speed of 40.27km/hr. In his teens he was a triathlete but at 16 he began toconcentrate on cycling. He was an amateur cyclist before the 1992Olympic Games but turned professional after he had competed in theGames. In the following few years, he won numerous titles, and by1996 he had become the world\\\'s number one. However, in October1996, he discovered he had cancer andhad to leave cycling. Successfully fighting his illness, Armstrongofficially returned to racing in 1998. In 1999 he won the Tour deFrance and in 2003 he achieved his goal of winning five Tours deFrance.

Michellie JonesDate of Birth: 9th June, 1969Country: AustraliaIn 1988 Michellie Jones helped establish the multi-sport event, thetriathlon, in Australia. After completing her teachingqualifications in 1990, she concentrated on the triathlon. In 1991,she finished third at the world championships. In 1992 and 1993,she was the International Triathlon Union World Champion. Sincethen, she has never finished lower than fourth in any of the worldchampionships she has competed in. At the Sydney Olympics in 2000she won the silver medal in the Women\\\'s Triathlon, the first timethe event had been included in the Olympic Games. Recently, for thefirst time in 15 years, Jones was not selected as part of thenational team and therefore did not compete in the 2004 Olympics inAthens.

Fu MingxiaDate of Birth: 16th August, 1978Country: ChinaFu Mingxia first stood on top of the 10-metre diving platform atthe age of nine. At 12 years old she won a Guinness Record when shebecame the youngest female to win the women\\\'s world title forplatform diving at the World Championships in Australia in 1991. Atthe 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games, she took the gold medal in thewomen\\\'s 10-metre platform, becoming the youngest Olympic divingchampion of all time. This was followed by great success at the1996 Atlanta Olympic Games where she won gold for both the 10-metreplatform and the three-metre springboard. This made her the firstwoman in Olympic diving history to win three gold medals. Sheretired from diving after Atlanta and went to study economics atuniversity. While there she decided to make a comeback and went onto compete at the Sydney Olympic Games, where she won her fourthOlympic gold, again making Olympic history.

Martin StrelDate of Birth: 1st October, 1954Country: SloveniaStrel was trained as a guitarist before he became a professionalmarathon swimmer in 1978. He has a passion for swimming the world\\\'sgreat rivers. In 2000, he was the first person ever to swim theentire length of the Danube River in Europe - a distance of 3,004kilometres in 58 days. For this, he attained his first entry in theGuinness Book of World Records. Then in 2001 he broke the Guinnessrecord for non-stop swimming - 504.5 kilometres in the Danube Riverin 84 hours and 10 minutes. Martin won his third entry in theGuinness Book of World Records in 2002 when he beat his own recordfor long distance swimming by swimming the length of theMississippi River in North America in 68 days, a total of 3,797kilometres. Then in 2003 he became the first man to have swum thewhole 1,929 kilometres of the difficult Parana River in SouthAmerica.In 2004, Strel again broke his own Guinness record byswimming the length of the dangerous Changjiang River (4,600 km),the third longest fiver in the world.

Unit 2 Sailing the oceans-ReadingSRILING THE OCERNSWe may well wonder how seamen explored the oceans before latitudeand longitude made it possible to plot a ship\\\'s position on a map.The voyages of travellers before the 17th century show that theywere not at the mercy of the sea even though they did not havemodern navigational aids. So how did they navigate so well? Readthese pages from an encyclopedia.Page 1:Using nature to help Keeping alongside the coastlineThis seems to have been the first and most useful form ofexploration which carried the minimum amount of risk.Using celestial bodiesNorth StarAt the North Pole the North Star is at its highest position in thesky, but at the equator it is along the horizon. So accomplishednavigators were able to use it to plot their positions.SunOn a clear day especially during the summer the sailors could usethe sun overhead at midday to navigate by. They can use the heightof the sun to work out their latitude.CloudsSea captains observed the clouds over islands. There is a specialcloud formation which indicates there is land close by.Using wildlifeSeaweedSailors often saw seaweed in the sea and could tell by the colourand smell how long it had been them. If it was fresh and smelledstrongly,then the ship was close to land.BirdsSea birds could be used to show the way to land when it was nowhereto be seen. In the evening nesting birds return to land and theirnests. So seamen could follow the birds to land even if they wereoffshore and in the open sea.Using the weatherFogFog gathers at sea as well as over streams or rivers. Seamen usedit to help identify the position of a stream or river when theywere close to land.WindsWise seamen used the winds to direct their sailing. They couldaccelerate the speed, but they could also be dangerous. So theVikings would observe the winds before and during their outward orreturn journeys.Using the seaCertain tides and currents could be used by skillful sailors tocarry ships to their destination.These skills helped sailorsexplore the seas and discover new lands. They increased theirability to navigate new seas when they used instruments.Page 2:Using navigational instruments to helpFinding longitudeThere was no secure method of measuring longitude until the 17thcentury when the British solved this theoretical problem. Nobodyknew that the earth moved westwards 15 degreesevery hour, but sailors did know an approximate method ofcalculating longitude using speed and time. Anearly method of measuring speed involved throwing a knotted ropetied to a log over the side of the ship. The rope was tied to a logwhich was then thrown into the sea. As the ship advanced throughthe water the knots were counted as they passed through a seaman\\\'shands. The number of knots that were counted during a fixed periodof time gave the speed of the ship in nautical miles perhour.

Later, when seamenbegan to use the compass in the 12th century they could calculatelongitude using complicated mathematical tables. The compass has aspecial magnetic pointer which always indicates the North Pole, soit is used to help find the direction that the ship needs to go. Inthis way the ship could set a straight course even in the middle ofthe ocean.Finding latitudeThe Bearing CircleIt was the first instrument to measure the sun\\\'s position. A seamanwould measure the sun\\\'s shadow and compare it with the height ofthe sun at midday. Then he could tell if he was sailing on hiscorrect rather than a random course.

A Bearing CircleThe AstrolabeThe astrolabe, quadrant and sextant are all connected. They aredevelopments of one another. The earliest, the astrolabe, was aspecial all-in-one tool for telling the position of the ship inrelation to the sun and various stars which covered the whole sky.This gave the seamen the local time and allowed them to find theirlatitude at sea. However, it was awkward to use as one of thepoints of reference was the moving ship itself.The QuadrantThis was a more precise and simplified version of the astrolabe. Itmeasured how high stars were above the horizon using a quartercircle rather than the full circle of the astrolabe.It was easierto handle because it was more portable. Its shortcoming was that itstill used the moving ship as one of the fixed points of reference.As the ship rose and plunged in the waves, it was extremelydifficult to be accurate with any reading.The sextantThe sextant was the updated version of the astrolabe and quadrantwhich reduced the tendency to make mistakes. It proved to be themost accurate and reliable of these early navigational instruments.It works by measuring the angle between two fixed objects outsidethe ship using two mirrors. This made the calculations more preciseand easier to do.

THE GREATESTNAVIGATIONAL JOURNEY:A LESSON IN SURVIVAL

I am proud to have sailed with Captain Bligh on his journey of over40 days through about 4,000miles in an open boat across the PacificOcean in 1789. Our outward voyage in the \\\"Bounty\\\" to Tahiti hadbeen filled with the kind of incidents that I thought would be mystories when I returned home. But how wrong I was! On our departurefrom Tahiti, some of the crew took over the ship.They deposited thecaptain into a small boat to let him find his own way home. But whoelse was to go with him? Those of us on board the \\\"Bounty\\\" werecaught in a dilemma. Was it better to risk certain death by sittingclose together on a small, crowded open boat with very little foodand water? Or should one stay on the \\\"Bounty\\\" with the crew andface certain death from the British Navy if caught? The drawback ofstaying on the ship seemed to grow as I thought about how wrong itwas to treat Captain Bligh in this way. So I joined him in thesmall boat. As dusk fell, we seemed to face an uncertain future. Wehad no charts and the only instruments the captain was allowed totake with him were a compass and a quadrant.Once we were at sea, our routine every day wasthe same. At sunrise and sunset the captain measured our positionusing the quadrant and set the course using the compass. It wasextremely difficult for us to get a correct reading from thequadrant as the boat moved constantly. The captain used a systemcalled \\\"dead reckoning\\\". He knew there was land directly northwestof our original position. So his task was to make sure we stayed onthat course. As you can see from the map we kept to a straightcourse pretty well. In addition, the captain kept us all busyreading the tables to work out our position. Although this took agreat deal of time, it didn\\\'t matter. Time was, after all, what wehad a lot of!Our daily food was shared equally among us all: one piece of breadand one cup of water. It was starvation quantities but the extremelack of water was the hardest to cope with psychologically. Imagineall that water around you, but none of it was safe to drink becausethe salt in it would drive you mad! All the time the captain triedto preserve our good spirits by telling stories and talkinghopefully about what we would do when we got back to England. Weonly half believed him.The tension in the boat got worse as the supply of food and watergradually disappeared. We could foresee that we would die if wecould not reach land very soon and we sank gradually into a sleepy,half-alive state. The captain was as weak as the rest of us, but hewas determined not to give up. He continued his navigationalmeasurements every day. He kept us busy and tried to take our mindsoff our stomachs and our thirst. He kept us alive.You could not imagine a more disturbing sight than what we lookedlike when arriving in Timor over forty days after being set loosein our small boat. Our clothes were torn, we had fever and ourfaces showed the hardships we had suffered. But after a rest, somegood meals and some new clothes, everything changed. We couldn\\\'tstop talking about our voyage and everybody wanted to hear aboutit. We were the heroes who had escaped the jaws of death bycompleting the greatest navigational feat of alltime!

选修9 Unit 3Australia-Reading

GLIMPSES OFAUSTRALIAAUSTRALIACapital:CanberraOffcial name: Commonwealth of AustraliaArea: 7,686,850km2Population: 20 millionHighest point: Mount Kosciuszko, 2,228 metresabove sea levelLowest point: Lake Eyre, 15 metres below sealevelAustralia is the only country that is also a continent. It is thesixth largest country in the world and is in the smallest continent- Oceania. It is a mainly dry country with only a few coastal areasthat have adequate rainfall to support a large population.Approximately 80 of Australians live in the south-eastern coastalarea, which includes Australia\\\'s two largest cities Melbourne andSydney. The centre of the continent, which is mainly desert and drygrassland, has few settlements.Australia is famous for its huge, open spaces, bright sunshine,enormous number of sheep and cattle and its unusual wildlife, whichinclude kangaroos and koalas. Australia is a popular destinationwith tourists from all over the world who come to experience itsunique ecology.Australia is made up of six states. Like the states in America,Australian states are autonomous in some areas of government.However, Australia has a federal government responsible for mattersthat affect people all over the country, such as defence, foreignpolicy and taxation. The federal parliament is located inCanberra.CITIZENSHIP CEREMONIES PLANNED AROUND AUSTRALIAOn 26 January, Australia Day, in over 200 locations across thenation , more than 9,000 people will become Australiancitizens.\\\"By these citizenship ceremonies we welcome those who have comefrom overseas from many different cultural and social backgroundsinto our communities and our nation,\\\" said the Minister forCitizenship and Multicultural Affairs. \\\"Australia Day celebrationsthat include people from so many birthplaces are an excellent wayto encourage tolerance, respect and friendship among all the peopleof Australia.\\\"Most citizenship ceremonies will be followed by displays of singingand dancing from many of the migrants\\\' homelands and the tasting offood from all over the world.Go by plane and see cloudsGo by TRAIN and see Australia

Enjoy 3 nights onboard the Indian-PacificOn this 4,352-km journey from Sydney to Perth via Adelaide you\\\'llview some ot Australias unique scenery from the superb BlueMountains to the treeless plains of the Nuliarbor. Along the wayyou will spot a fascinating variety of wildlife.Enjoy 2 nights on board the GhanAs you travel from Adelaide to Darwin via Alice Springs, you\\\'llobserve some of Australia\\\'smost spectacular landscapes - from the rolling hills surroundingAdelaide to the rusty reds ofAustralia\\\'s centre and the tropical splendour of Darwin.For more information, timetables and fares go towww.gsr.com.au/trains.htmShen Ping,I wish you could see this amazing rock. It is part of one ofAustralia\\\'s 14 Worm Heritage Sites andrises about 335 metres out of a vast, flat sandy plain. A tdifferent times of the day it appears tochange co/our, from grey-red at sunrise, to golden and finally toburning red at dusk. Aboriginal people have lived near Uluru forthousands of years and yout can walk around it with an Aboriainalguide to learn about their customs, art, religion and day-to-daylife. It is also possible to climb the rock, but most people don\\\'tdo this out of respect for the Aboriginal people who consider therock to be sacred. I’ll be back in Sydney in a fortnight becauseI\\\'ve made a reservation on the Indian Pacific train to Perth.love Jack

Tours outside HobartDrive 250 km northwestwards from Hobart along the A10 highway andyou\\\'ll arrive at the southern end of the magnificent CradleMountain National Park and World Heritage area. This park is famousfor its mountain peaks, lakes and ancient forests. A popularattraction for active tourists is the 80-km walking track thatjoins the southern and northern ends of the park. There are also arange of short walks.

Readingand discussing

Before you read thefollowing text, read the title and look at the pictures. Discusswith a partner what you expect to read about in the text.AUSTRALIA’S DANGEROUS CREATURESAustralia is home to more than 170 different kinds of snake and 115of these are poisonous. In fact, Australia has more kinds ofvenomous snake than any other country in the world. Luckily, thepoison of most snakes can kill or paralyze only small creatures.Afew varieties, however, can kill humans, so it is just as well thatsnakes are very shy and usually attack only if they are disturbedand feel threatened.

There are also approximately 2,000 different kinds of spider inAustralia and, like snakes, most have a poisonous bite. However,the majority have no effect on humans or cause only mildsickness.Only a few have venom that is powerful enough to kill ahuman being. While a small number of Australians are bitten byspiders each year, most recover without any medicaltreatment.

The seas around Australia contain over 160 different kinds ofshark, which vary in size from just 20 centimetres to over 14metres. However, although they look dangerous because of their widemouths and sharp teeth, all but two or three kinds are harmless tohumans.

Another potentially dangerous sea animal is the jellyfish. Mostkinds of poisonous jellyfish can cause severe pain to anyone whotouches them but the poison of the box jellyfish can actually killa human, especially if that person has a weak heart. The tiniestamount of poison from a box jellyfish can kill in less than fiveminutes and it is probably the most poisonous animal in theworld.

There is one other dangerous animal in Australia worth mentioning,and that is the crocodile. Although two types of crocodile live inAustralia, only the saltwater crocodile has been known to killhumans. This crocodile moves very quickly when it sees something itconsiders to be food, and from time to time a crocodile hassnatched someone before he or she is even aware that the crocodileis there.

You might think that with all these dangerous animals Australia isan unsafe place to live in or visit. However, this is far from thetruth. There are no more than a handful of shark attacks each yearand only three deaths have been reported in the last fiveyears.Similarly, in the last three years there have been only tworeported deaths from crocodile attacks. Since 1956, when ananti-venom treatment for redback spider bites was developed, therehave been no deaths from redbacks, and since 1981 when a treatmentwas developed for funnelweb spider poison, there have been nodeaths from this spider either. Treatments for jellyfish stings ands~aakebites have also been developed and in the last five yearsthere have been only three deaths from jellyfish stings and aboutthe same number from snakebites.

选修9 Unit 4Exploring plants-ReadingPLANT EXPLORATION IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIESThe plants in our gardens look so familiar that often we do notrealize that many of them actually come from countries far away.Collecting \\\"exotic\\\" plants, as they are called, dates back to theearliest times. Many ancient civilisations saw the value ofbringing back plants from distant lands. The first plant collectingexpedition recorded in history was around 1500 BC when the Queen ofEgypt sent ships away to gather plants, animals and othergoods.However, it was not until the eighteenth and nineteenth centuriesthat the exploration of the botanical world began on a large scale.Europe had become interested in scientific discovery and theEuropean middle classes took great interest in collecting newplants. Thisattraction to exotic plants grew as European nations, like theNetherlands, Britain and Spain, moved into other parts of the worldlike Asia and Australia. Brave young men took the opportunity ofgoing on botanical expeditions, often facing many dangers includingdisease,near-starvation, severe environments and conflicts with thelocalpeople.An important group of collectors were Frencn Catholic missionarieswho, by the middle of the 18th century, were beginning to setthemselves up in China. One such missionary, Father d\\\'Incarville,was sent to Beijing in the 1740s. He collected seeds of trees andbushes including those of the Tree of Heaven. Just before he died,he sent some Tree of Heaven seeds to England. They arrived in 1751and plants from these seeds were grown throughout Europe and later,in 1784, the species was introduced in North America.Sir Joseph Banks was a very famous British plant collector, whoaccompanied James Cook on his first voyage from England to Oceania.The purpose of the trip for Banks was to record the plant andanimal life they came across. He and his team collected exampleswhenever they went onto dry land. In 1769, Banks collected vastquantities of plants in the land now known as Australia. None ofthese plants had been recorded by Europeans before. Cook called thebay where the Endeavour had anchored BotanyBay.

Keeping plants alive during long land or sea voyages was anenormous challenge. Large numbers of seeds failed to grow afterlong sea voyages or trips across land between Asia and Europe. Oneplant explorer lost several years\\\' work when his plants were minedwith seawater.The world of plant exploration was completely changed with DrNathaniel Ward\\\'s invention of a tightly sealed portable glasscontainer. This invention, called the Wardian case, allowed plantsto be transported on long journeys. In 1833, Ward shipped two casesof British plants to Sydney, Australia. All the plants survived thesix-month journey. In 1835, the cases made a return trip with someAustralian species that had never been successfully transportedbefore. After eight months at sea, they arrived safely inLondon.

A British man called Robert Fortune was one of the earliest plantcollectors to use Wardian cases. He made several trips to Chinabetween 1843 and 1859. At that time, there were restrictions on themovement of Europeans and so, in order to travel unnoticed, hedeveloped his fluency in Chinese and dressed as a Chinese man, evenshaving his head in the Chinese style. He experienced manyadventures including huge thunderstorms in the Yellow Sea andpirates on the Yangtze River. Not only did Fortune introduce over120 species of plants to Western gardens but he also shipped 20,000tea plants from Shanghai to India, where a successful tea industrywas established.The second half of the nineteenth century was a very importantperiod of plant exploration. During this time many Catholicmissionaries were sent to China from France. They valued the studyof the natural sciences and many of the missionaries knew a lotabout plants and animals. Their expeditions resulted in huge plantcollections, which were sent back to France. One of the collectorswas Father Farges, who collected 37 seeds from a tree that hadappealed to him. This tree was later called the Dove Tree. He sentthe seeds back to France in1897 but only one seed grew.

Although the missionaries collected large numbers of soecimens.there was not enough material for growing particular species inWestern gardens. However, European botanists were very excited withthe knowledge that China had a vast variety of plants, so manyplant collectors were sent on collecting trips to China. One ofthese collectors was E H Wilson who, in 1899, was able to collect alarge quantity of seeds of the Dove Tree that Father Farges haddiscovered. Wilson and other plant collectors introduced many newplants to Western gardens.

Readingand discussing

Before you read thetext on page 38, have a quick glance at it. What is the text about?What do the pictures show you? What is the chart about?FLOWERS AND THEIR ANIMAIL POLLINATORSOver time, many flowering plants and their animal pollinators haveevolved together. The plant needs the animal to pollinate it andthe animal is rewarded with food called nectar when it visits theflowers. Pollen becomes attached to the animal during its visit toa flower and is then passed on to another plant\\\'s blossom on itsnext visit. So pollination takes place, therefore increasing thechances of the survival of the plant species.Through evolution, most flowers have adapted to attract specifictypes of pollinators. Bees, moths and butterflies are the mostimportantpollinators. Flies, wasps, beetles and other animals such as birdsand bats are less common.The type of pollinator depends on the characteristics of the flowersuch as its colour, shape, size and smell. For example, yellowflowers attract bees, while red flowers attract butterflies. Thenectar in some flowers can only be reached by a bird with a longbill or a long-tongued moth or butterfly. The chart below describessome features of flowers that attract certain kinds ofpollinators. Pollinator Typical flower characteristicsBees Colour: bright yellow, blue; the flower often has a specialpattern to guide the bees to the nectar inside.Shape: the petals are wide enough for bees to land on;usually thenectar is at the end of a small, narrow tube whose length is thesame as the tongue of a particular species.Smell: delicate, fragrant.Butterflies Colour: red, orange.Shape: the petals form a tube of a suitable length for butterflies.Tiny flowers are often in tight bunches that provide a place forbutterflies to land on, eg daisies.Smell: odourless.Moths Colour: white, light-coloured so moths can see them atnight.Shape: the petals form a deep tube to match the length of aspecific moth\\\'s tongue. The petals lie fiat or bend back so themoth can get close to the flower.Smell: strong, sweet perfume, typically only given outat night.Flies Colour: dull-coloured, brownish red.Smell: strong like rotting meat.Humming-birds Colour: brightly coloured, especially red andorange.Shape: tube-shaped; petals bent back so birds can get close.Smell: no odour.Bats Colour: white, light-coloured so bats can see them atnight.Shape: open at night; large, strong with wide mouths for longtongues.Smell: musty, fruity smell.

选修9 Unit 5 Insideadvertising-ReadingHOW ADVERTISINC WORKSDo you know how many advertisements you are exposed to in yourdaily life? Every day, we pass by advertisements on buses andbillboards, on trains and in train stations, in shop windows,outside restaurants and on public notice boards. At home, we seeadvertisements in magazines and newspapers and in the middle of ourfavourite television programmes. We hear advertisements on theradio and come across them on the Internet. Even some of the casualgarments we wear have brand names attached to them which turn usinto walking advertisements. With so many messages from advertisersfilling our daily lives, it is important to understand howadvertisements work. Then we can avoid being controlled bythem.What is an advertisement?An advertisement is a message or announcement that informs orinfluences people. It can use words, pictures, music or film tocommunicate its message. Adverts are not only made and paid for bybusiness, but also by individuals, organizations and associationsthat wish to inform or educate the public.

How do advertisersmake effective advertisements?Identify your targetAdvertisers must pay the media for displaying their ads. Theirmoney would be wasted if the message didn\\\'t reach its targetaudience, in other words the people the advertisement intends topersuade. For example, adolescent boys are more likely to buycomputer games than any other group, so it makes sense to makecomputer game ads that appeal to this group. Having identified thetarget group, researchers find out as much as possible about thosein the target group, such as their likes and dislikes, and how theproduct would fit into their lives. This information then forms thebasis for decisions about what type of advertising techniques touse with this group.

Appeal to yourtargetIn order to persuade people to do something, advertisements oftenappeal to our hopes and dreams or our emotions. For example, theone on the right, which advertises sports shoes, shows young peopledoing exciting things. The colours and the flames also suggestexcitement. The message it is sending is: \\\"Buy our shoes and you\\\'lllive an exciting life in the \\\'fast lane\\\'.\\\" The ad above, with thestar in it, is for a new radio station. It appeals to people\\\'sdesire to \\\"fit in\\\" and be part of the group. The message is:\\\"Everyone else is listening and if you want to be part of thegroup, you\\\'d better listen too.\\\"

Some advertisements appeal to people\\\'s desire to save money. Othersare more likely to be noticed if they are funny. Ads that featurerich and famous people will grab the attention of those who admirepeople like that. Some adverts, like the environmental protectionadvertisement below, appeal to our conscience or our desire to beworthy citizens.

Use a suitablemediumAs well as reaching the fight audience with the fight technique,advertisers must also place their ads in the right medium.Obviously, cost will play a.big part in this decision. Televisionadverts are expensive to make and to show. You have to be a bigcorporation with a big budget to afford television ads.Advertisements in newspapers, on the other hand, are muchcheaper.As well as worrying about the expense, advertisers must alsoconsider which media are most appropriate for their product andwhich their target audience is most likely to see or hear. Becausemost cars have radios, ads broadcast via radio can reach a lot ofdrivers very easily. For this reason, it would be appropriate touse radio to advertise goods and services relating to cars.However, it would be no use advertising products on radio if the adrelies on visual effects. Television adverts are great forgenerating emotional responses to a product, but magazines andnewspapers can give more detail.

How effective areadvertisements?However good an advertisement is, people are unlikely to bepersuaded if the product is unsuitable for them. For example, nomatter how good an ad for a car stereo system is, people who don\\\'town cars are unlikely to run out and buy one. Look at theadvertisements in this unit. How many of the goods or services suityour interests or lifestyle? Would really good advertising persuadeyou to buy products and services you are not interested in or haveno use for?On the other hand, being constantly exposed to advertisements canhelp to change our opinions over time. This is why governments allover the world pay a lot of money for ads on such things as roadsafety. They believe these adverts will affect the way people thinkabout their driving habits and will subsequently reduce the numberof road accidents.

KEEPINGADVERTISEDRS HONEST

Organizations andindividuals advertise because they want to persuade people tobehave in certain ways, for example to buy a certain brand of rice,stop speeding or see a movie at their cinema. Advertisers go, to alot of trouble and expense to make adverts and so they want to makesure they achieve their purpose. Unfortunately, not all advertisersare good or honest people. Unless we have ways to protectourselves, these dishonest advertisers will tell lies or usemethods that may mislead us. Fortunately, most countries havedeveloped ways to control advertising and prevent false orunsuitable advertising.The lawOne way to control advertising is to make laws that preventadvertisers doing the wrong thing. Many countries have laws thatforbid ads being shown at inappropriate times or in unsuitableplaces. For example, an ad that has an adult theme cannot be shownduring children\\\'s television programmes. In some countriesadvertising alcoholic drinks or tobacco is banned altogether. Thereare also laws in most places that prevent advertisers making falsestatements about their products or from promoting immoral orharmful behaviour.

Advertising organizationsMost advertisers are decent and honest,and they are as interested as everyone elsein making sure ads are ethical. For thisreason,most advertisers belong toadvertising organizations that not only educateand support their members, but also makerules for everyone in the organization tofollow. They are called a code of ethics andinclude such rules as: Advertisements must notbe untruthful or misleading; Advertisements mustnot say bad things about other people\\\'s products.If well-known people are used in advertisements, they must behonest and truthful about products they advertise.Complaints organizationEven though there are laws and advertisers\\\' codes of conduct, somebad ads do get made. This is why many countries have a governmentorganization which examines complaints about ads. A consumer cancomplain to the organization, giving reasons for their complaint,and if the complaint is correct, the organization can make thecompany stop using the offending advertisement.The consumerYou may have heard the saying: \\\"Buyer Beware\\\". This means that theconsumer is responsible for checking the product before buying.When it comes to advertising, consumers need to be educated abouttechniques used by advertisers so they can judge the claims forthemselves and not blindly accept everything that is said inadvertisements. As we are flooded with advertisements in our modemworld, many schools believe it is their duty to educate studentsabout advertising.