Jingzhaotoxin-III (ß-TRTX-Cj1α) has been isolated initially from the Chinese Tarantula spider Chilobrachys Jingzhaovenom. Jingzhaotoxin-III selectively inhibits the activation of the voltage-dependent sodium channel Nav1.5 in heart or cancer cells with an IC50value close to 350 nM. It is inactive on Nav1.2, Nav1.4, Nav1.6 and Nav1.7 and should therefore be considered as an interesting research tool to discriminate between sodium channel subtypes. Jingzhaotoxin-III binds onto receptor site 4 presumably located on DIIS3-S4 linker of Nav1.5 and supposedly blocks Nav1.5 through a different mechanism than ProTx-II and Huwentoxin IV. ß-TRTX-Cj1α is composed of 36 amino acid residues including 6 cysteines cross-linked according to a C1-C4, C2-C5 and C3-C6 pattern. Jingzhaotoxin-III also inhibits Kv2.1 channel with an IC50 of around 700 nM.
Fig 1: Representative effects of different Jinghzaotoxin III concentrations on the amplitude of INa. Jinghzaotoxin III was applied externally to the cell at the time and concentrations indicated on top. Inward sodium currents were triggered in human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells by 30 ms-long voltage steps from -100 to -5 mV, from a holding potential of -100 mV. 1 step every 2 sec.
Description:
AA sequence: Asp-Gly-Glu-Cys4-Gly-Gly-Phe-Trp-Trp-Lys-Cys11-Gly-Arg-Gly-Lys-Pro-Pro-Cys18-Cys19-Lys-Gly-Tyr-Ala-Cys24-Ser-Lys-Thr-Trp-Gly-Trp-Cys31-Ala-Val-Glu-Ala-Pro-OH
Disulfide bonds: Cys4-Cys19, Cys11-Cys24, and Cys18-Cys31
Length (aa): 36
Formula: C174H241N47O46S6
Molecular Weight: 3919.53 Da
Appearance: White lyophilized solid
Solubility: aqueous buffer
CAS number: not available
Source: Synthetic
Purity rate:> 98%
Reference:
Analysis of the interaction of tarantula toxin jingzhaotoxin-III (β-TRTX-Cj1α) with the voltage sensor of Kv2.1 uncovers the molecular basis for cross-activities on Kv2.1 and Nav1.5 channels
Animal venoms contain a fascinating array of divergent peptide toxins that have cross-activities on different types of voltage-gated ion channels. However, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Jingzhaotoxin-III (JZTX-III), a 36-residue peptide from the tarantula Chilobrachys jingzhao, is specific for Nav1.5 and Kv2.1 channels over the majority of other ion channel subtypes. JZTX-III traps the Nav1.5 DII voltage sensor at closed state by binding to the DIIS3-S4 linker. In this study, electrophysiological experiments showed that JZTX-III had no effect on five voltage-gated potassium channel subtypes (Kv1.4, Kv3.1, and Kv4.1-4.3), whereas it significantly inhibited Kv2.1 with an IC50 of 0.71 ± 0.01 μM. Mutagenesis and modeling data suggested that JZTX-III docks at the Kv2.1 voltage-sensor paddle. Alanine replacement of Phe274, Lys280, Ser281, Leu283, Gln284, and Val288 could decrease JZTX-III affinity by 7-, 9-, 34-, 12-, 9-, and 7-fold, respectively. Among them, S281 is the most crucial determinant, and the substitution with Thr only slightly reduced toxin sensitivity. In contrast, a single conversion of Ser281 to Ala, Phe, Ile, Val, or Glu increased the IC50 value by >34-fold. Alanine-scanning mutagenesis experiments indicated that the functional surface of JZTX-III bound to the Kv2.1 channel is composed of four hydrophobic residues (Trp8, Trp28, Trp30, and Val33) and three charged residues (Arg13, Lys15, and Glu34). The bioactive surfaces of JZTX-III interacting with Kv2.1 and Nav1.5 are only partially overlapping. These results strongly supported the hypothesis that animal toxins might use partially overlapping bioactive surfaces to target the voltage-sensor paddles of two different types of ion channels. Increasing our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of toxins interacting with voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels may provide new molecular insights into the design of more potent ion channel inhibitors.
Tao H., et al. (2013) Analysis of the interaction of tarantula toxin jingzhaotoxin-III (β-TRTX-Cj1α) with the voltage sensor of Kv2.1 uncovers the molecular basis for cross-activities on Kv2.1 and Nav1.5 channels. Biochemistry. PMID: 24044413
Molecular basis of the tarantula toxin jingzhaotoxin-III (Beta-TRTX-Cj1 alpha) interacting with voltage sensors in sodium channel subtype Nav1.5
With conserved structural scaffold and divergent electrophysiological functions, animal toxins are considered powerful tools for investigating the basic structure-function relationship of voltage-gated sodium channels. Jingzhaotoxin-III (β-TRTX-Cj1α) is a unique sodium channel gating modifier from the tarantula Chilobrachys jingzhao, because the toxin can selectively inhibit the activation of cardiac sodium channel but not neuronal subtypes. However, the molecular basis of JZTX-III interaction with sodium channels remains unknown. In this study, we showed that JZTX-III was efficiently expressed by the secretory pathway in yeast. Alanine-scanning analysis indicated that 2 acidic residues (Asp1, Glu3) and an exposed hydrophobic patch, formed by 4 Trp residues (residues 8, 9, 28 and 30), play important roles in the binding of JZTX-III to Nav1.5. JZTX-III docked to the Nav1.5 DIIS3-S4 linker. Mutations S799A, R800A, and L804A could additively reduce toxin sensitivity of Nav1.5. We also demonstrated that the unique Arg800, not emerging in other sodium channel subtypes, is responsible for JZTX-III selectively interacting with Nav1.5. The reverse mutation D816R in Nav1.7 greatly increased the sensitivity of the neuronal subtype to JZTX-III. Conversely, the mutation R800D in Nav1.5 decreased JZTX-III’s IC₅₀ by 72-fold. Therefore, our results indicated that JZTX-III is a site 4 toxin, but does not possess the same critical residues on sodium channels as other site 4 toxins. Our data also revealed the underlying mechanism for JZTX-III to be highly specific for the cardiac sodium channel.
Mingqiang Rong, et al. (2011) Molecular basis of the tarantula toxin jingzhaotoxin-III (Beta-TRTX-Cj1 alpha) interacting with voltage sensors in sodium channel subtype Nav1.5. FASEB J. PMID: 21665957
Jingzhaotoxin-III, a Novel Spider Toxin Inhibiting Activation of Voltage-gated Sodium Channel in Rat Cardiac Myocytes
We have isolated a cardiotoxin, denoted jingzhaotoxin-III (JZTX-III), from the venom of the Chinese spider Chilobrachys jingzhao. The toxin contains 36 residues stabilized by three intracellular disulfide bridges (I-IV, II-V, and III-VI), assigned by a chemical strategy of partial reduction and sequence analysis. Cloned and sequenced using 3′-rapid amplification of cDNA ends and 5′-rapid amplification of cDNA ends, the full-length cDNA encoded a 63-residue precursor of JZTX-III. Different from other spider peptides, it contains an uncommon endoproteolytic site (-X-Ser-) anterior to mature protein and the intervening regions of 5 residues, which is the smallest in spider toxin cDNAs identified to date. Under whole cell recording, JZTX-III showed no effects on voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) or calcium channels in dorsal root ganglion neurons, whereas it significantly inhibited tetrodotoxin-resistant VGSCs with an IC(50) value of 0.38 microm in rat cardiac myocytes. Different from scorpion beta-toxins, it caused a 10-mV depolarizing shift in the channel activation threshold. The binding site for JZTX-III on VGSCs is further suggested to be site 4 with a simple competitive assay, which at 10 microm eliminated the slowing currents induced by Buthus martensi Karsch I (BMK-I, scorpion alpha-like toxin) completely. JZTX-III shows higher selectivity for VGSC isoforms than other spider toxins affecting VGSCs, and the toxin hopefully represents an important ligand for discriminating cardiac VGSC subtype.
Yucheng Xiao, et al. (2004) Jingzhaotoxin-III, a Novel Spider Toxin Inhibiting Activation of Voltage-gated Sodium Channel in Rat Cardiac Myocytes. JBC. PMID: 15084603
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1.直接用固体磷酸钠配制成50mM的磷酸钠溶液,再调pH到7.4;(我们试着用这个做了下,发现挂不上柱)
2.配置磷酸钠盐缓冲液:按NaH2PO4:Na2HPO4以19:81的摩尔比配制成pH7.4的缓冲液?(附一张百度出来的配方
)
3.如果是磷酸钠盐缓冲液,可以直接将50mM的NaH2PO4的水溶液用NaOH调成pH7.4吗?
再者,2和3这两个方法配制的磷酸钠盐缓冲液有什么区别?最终效果是一样的吗?如果不一样,有什么理论的知识支撑呢?个人感觉是分析化学中酸碱理论中的缓冲液那里的知识。求帮忙解答这些疑问。
另外,我还想问一下,pH对于Ni柱对His-tagged的蛋白的分离纯化影响大吗?是怎么影响的?谢谢大家了!
由弱酸及其盐、弱碱及其盐组成的混合溶液,能在一定程度上抵消、减轻外加强酸或强碱对溶液酸碱度的影响,从而保持溶液的pH值相对稳定。这种溶液称为缓冲溶液。
是否可以理解为纯化水得PH范围为6.3-7.6?能否直接用pH计测量?谢谢!
pH(1)=pKa+lg[c(CH₃COONa)/c(CH₃COOH)]=pKa=4.74
通HCl后,溶液是c(CH₃COOH)=0.2mol/L、c(NaCl)=0.1mol/L的混合溶液,溶液pH按照弱酸溶液pH的求法求.
c(H⁺)=√[Ka*c(CH₃COOH)]=√(10^-4.74*0.2)=0.00191(mol/L)(采用了近似公式)
pH(2)=-lg{c(H⁺)}=2.72
两个pH求得,那么pH的变化量也就可得了.pH的变化量=|pH(2)-pH(1)|=|2.72-4.74|=2.02
1)PH缓冲溶液作用原理和pH值
当往某些溶液中加入一定量的酸和碱时,有阻碍溶液pH变化的作用,称为缓冲作用,这样的溶液叫做缓冲溶液.弱酸及其盐的混合溶液(如HAc与NaAc),弱碱及其盐的混合溶液(如NH3·H2O与NH4Cl)等都是缓冲溶液.
由弱酸HA及其盐NaA所组成的缓冲溶液对酸的缓冲作用,是由于溶液中存在足够量的碱A-的缘故.当向这种溶液中加入一定量的强酸时,H离子基本上被A-离子消耗:
所以溶液的pH值几乎不变;当加入一定量强碱时,溶液中存在的弱酸HA消耗OH-离子而阻碍pH的变化.
2)PH缓冲溶液的缓冲能力
在缓冲溶液中加入少量强酸或强碱,其溶液pH值变化不大,但若加入酸,碱的量多时,缓冲溶液就失去了它的缓冲作用.这说明它的缓冲能力是有一定限度的.
缓冲溶液的缓冲能力与组成缓冲溶液的组分浓度有关.0.1mol·L-1HAc和0.1mol·L-1NaAc组成的缓冲溶液,比0.01mol·L-1HAc和0.01mol·L-1NaAc的缓冲溶液缓冲能力大.关于这一点通过计算便可证实.但缓冲溶液组分的浓度不能太大,否则,不能忽视离子间的作用.
组成缓冲溶液的两组分的比值不为1∶1时,缓冲作用减小,缓冲能力降低,当c(盐)/c(酸)为1∶1时△pH最小,缓冲能力大.不论对于酸或碱都有较大的缓冲作用.缓冲溶液的pH值可用下式计算:
此时缓冲能力大.缓冲组分的比值离1∶1愈远,缓冲能力愈小,甚至不能起缓冲作用.对于任何缓冲体系,存在有效缓冲范围,这个范围大致在pKaφ(或pKbφ)两侧各一个pH单位之内.
弱酸及其盐(弱酸及其共轭碱)体系pH=pKaφ±1
弱碱及其盐(弱碱及其共轭酸)体系pOH=pKbφ±1
例如HAc的pKaφ为4.76,所以用HAc和NaAc适宜于配制pH为3.76~5.76的缓冲溶液,在这个范围内有较大的缓冲作用.配制pH=4.76的缓冲溶液时缓冲能力最大,此时(c(HAc)/c(NaAc)=1.
3)PH缓冲溶液的配制和应用
为了配制一定pH的缓冲溶液,首先选定一个弱酸,它的pKaφ尽可能接近所需配制的缓冲溶液的pH值,然后计算酸与碱的浓度比,根据此浓度比便可配制所需缓冲溶液.
以上主要以弱酸及其盐组成的缓冲溶液为例说明它的作用原理、pH计算和配制方法.对于弱碱及其盐组成的缓冲溶液可采用相同的方法.
PH缓冲溶液在物质分离和成分分析等方面应用广泛,如鉴定Mg2离子时,可用下面的反应:
白色磷酸铵镁沉淀溶于酸,故反应需在碱性溶液中进行,但碱性太强,可能生成白色Mg(OH)2沉淀,所以反应的pH值需控制在一定范围内,因此利用NH3·H2O和NH4Cl组成的缓冲溶液,保持溶液的pH值条件下,进行上述反应.
:)
我在做一细菌不同酸碱度生长状况时,发现这些奇怪现象:pH=3的培养基灭菌(TSB液体培养基)灭菌后pH上升到到9.2!而原来pH=9.0的降到8.7(基本没多少变化),请问各位大侠,这是什么原因?
一般做不同酸碱度生长实验时,该如何才能防止pH在湿热灭菌后基本不变化?
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