什么是免疫原？
免疫原是用于生成抗体的抗原。因此，免疫原设计是抗体生产中最重要的方面之一：如果免疫原设计不当，纯化的抗体将是非特异性的或滴度较低。此外，免疫原确定了纯化抗体的表位范围，这对于实验设计至关重要。虽然免疫原设计有很多方面，但我们在此将重点讨论使用肽与全长蛋白质作为多克隆抗体的免疫原的优点和缺点。
肽免疫原肽免疫原可用于产生可检测蛋白质单一亚型的抗体；此外，肽可用于产生抗体可以检测特定位点的翻译后修饰（例如磷酸化）的抗体。然而，肽不一定以与全长蛋白质相同的方式折叠，因此用肽免疫原产生的抗体更有可能是非特异性的或具有低亲和力。此外，肽免疫原往往会产生亲和力较低的抗体，因为肽长度较短，由于表位选择数量减少，限制了淋巴滤泡中的亲和力成熟 (1)。
蛋白质免疫原当蛋白质使用免疫原，可以产生针对蛋白质任何区域的抗体。因此，蛋白质免疫原最适合生成抗体，用于跟踪蛋白质修饰的实验，例如研究蛋白质原随时间的加工情况。此外，一些表位很可能处于保守序列中，因此所得抗体可能在多个物种中具有反应性。西米拉实际上，蛋白质的某些区域可能比另一种应用更适合一种应用，因此使用蛋白质免疫原通常会产生可在多种应用中发挥作用的抗体。
蛋白质免疫原与肽免疫原：哪个最适合您？总之，肽免疫原是研究特定蛋白质亚型和翻译后修饰位点的理想选择，而蛋白质免疫原则更适合大多数其他实验。 Proteintech 使用肽和蛋白质免疫原，具体取决于哪一种最适合所需的特定抗体。此外，我们还提供所有抗体的免疫原序列，以便您确定哪种抗体最适合您的实验。
在此处了解有关我们的多克隆抗体的更多信息。
参考文献滤泡树突细胞: 动态抗原库购买概述产品信息出版物 (11)生物素-SP 缀合 Affinipure 兔抗山羊 IgG(H+L)应用
ELISA、WB、IHC/ICC
缀合物
生物素
宿主
兔子
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出版物
11
目录号：SA00004-4 概述 打印数据表 MSDS Mol Nutr Food Res
产品信息出版物 (11)
应用
ELISA、WB、IHC/ICC
< p class=\"grey1 m-0\">缀合物生物素
宿主
山羊
反应性
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出版物
40
目录号：SA00004-1 概述 打印数据表 MSDS EMBO J
产品信息出版物 (40)
ChromoTek GmbHStreetAm Klopferspitz 19邮政编码82152CityPlanegg-Martinsried电话+49。 89. 124 148 810传真+49。 89. 124 148 811E-mailinfo@chromotek.comInternetwww.ptglab.com ChromoTek GeschäftsführerJeff Lee 注册法院慕尼黑法院公司注册号 HRB 175 782VAT 号 DE 815 015 038
Beta Tubulin Monoclonal antibody Beta Tubulin Monoclonal Antibody for IF, IHC, IP, WB,ELISA Reactivity human, mouse, rat, nematode, pig, zebrafish and More (1) Proteintech vs. Other VendorsValidation Data Gallery\"Beta Tubulin Antibodies\" ComparisonView side-by-side comparison of Beta Tubulin antibodies from other vendors to find the one that best suits your research needs.Compare nowWB analysis using 66240-1-IgVarious lysates were subjected to SDS PAGE followed by western blot with 66240-1-Ig (beta Tubulin antibody) at dilution of 1:200000 incubated at room temperature for 1.5 hours.View All Images (13)×Various lysates were subjected to SDS PAGE followed by western blot with 66240-1-Ig (beta Tubulin antibody) at dilution of 1:200000 incubated at room temperature for 1.5 hours.WB analysis using 66240-1-IgVarious lysates were subjected to SDS PAGE followed by western blot with 66240-1-Ig (beta Tubulin antibody) at dilution of 1:100000 incubated at room temperature for 1.5 hours.View All Images (13)×Various lysates were subjected to SDS PAGE followed by western blot with 66240-1-Ig (beta Tubulin antibody) at dilution of 1:100000 incubated at room temperature for 1.5 hours.IF Staining of HeLa using 66240-1-IgImmunofluorescent analysis of (4% PFA) fixed HeLa cells using 66240-1-Ig (beta Tubulin antibody), at dilution of 1:400 and CoraLite®488-Conjugated AffiniPure Goat Anti-Mouse IgG(H+L). Red: staning with CoraLite555-Phalloidin.View All Images (13)×Immunofluorescent analysis of (4% PFA) fixed HeLa cells using 66240-1-Ig (beta Tubulin antibody), at dilution of 1:400 and CoraLite®488-Conjugated AffiniPure Goat Anti-Mouse IgG(H+L). Red: staning with CoraLite555-Phalloidin.IHC staining of human brain using 66240-1-IgImmunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human brain tissue slide using 66240-1-Ig (beta Tubulin antibody at dilution of 1:400 (under 10x lens).View All Images (13)×Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human brain tissue slide using 66240-1-Ig (beta Tubulin antibody at dilution of 1:400 (under 10x lens).IHC staining of human brain using 66240-1-IgImmunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human brain tissue slide using 66240-1-Ig (beta Tubulin antibody at dilution of 1:400 (under 40x lens).View All Images (13)×Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human brain tissue slide using 66240-1-Ig (beta Tubulin antibody at dilution of 1:400 (under 40x lens).IP experiment of HeLa using 66240-1-IgIP Result of anti-beta Tubulin (IP:66240-1-Ig, 5ug; Detection:66240-1-Ig 1:1000) with HeLa cells lysate 880ug.View All Images (13)×IP Result of anti-beta Tubulin (IP:66240-1-Ig, 5ug; Detection:66240-1-Ig 1:1000) with HeLa cells lysate 880ug. -/ - Cat No. 66240-1-Ig Freight/Packing: - Country/Region Size/Concentration Quantity Add to Basket Add to Quote Please visit your regions distributor: Proteintech Guarantee Request bulk or custom quote Chat with a team member The Proteintech guarantee covers Proteintech antibodies in any species and any application, including those not listed on the datasheet. If the antibody doesn’t perform, you can receive a hassle-free refund or credit note. Learn More Positive WB detected inHeLa cellsPositive IP detected inHeLa cellsPositive IHC detected inhuman brain tissue, human breast cancer tissue, rat brain tissueNote: suggested antigen retrieval with TE buffer pH 9.0; (*) Alternatively, antigen retrieval may be performed with citrate buffer pH 6.0Positive IF detected inHeLa cells, HepG2 cells Planning an IF experiment? We recommend our CoraLite®488 and CoraLite®594 conjugated versions of this antibody. Recommended dilutionApplicationDilutionWestern Blot (WB)WB : 1:20000-1:100000Immunoprecipitation (IP)IP : 0.5-4.0 ug for IP and 1:500-1:2000 for WBImmunohistochemistry (IHC)IHC : 1:20-1:1000Immunofluorescence (IF)IF : 1:200-1:800Sample-dependent, check data in validation data gallery 66240-1-Ig targets Beta Tubulin in WB, IP, IHC, IF,ELISA applications and shows reactivity with human, mouse, rat, nematode, pig, zebrafish samples. Calculated molecular weight 450 aa, 50 kDaObserved molecular weight 50-55 kDaGenBank accession numberBC000748 Gene symbol TUBB3 Storage ConditionsStore at -20°C. Stable for one year after shipment. Aliquoting is unnecessary for -20oC storage. Background Information There are five tubulins in human cells: alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon. Tubulins are conserved across species. They form heterodimers, which multimerize to form a microtubule filament. An alpha and beta tubulin heterodimer is the basic structural unit of microtubules. The alpha and beta tubulins (+/- 55 kDa MW) are homologous but are not identical. Beta tubulins have been widely used as loading control. What is the molecular weight of beta-tubulin? Are there any isoforms of beta-tubulin? The molecular weight of tubulin is 50-52 kDa. Humans have eight beta-tubulin isotypes, encoded by different genes, that differ in their C-terminal sequences. They have different tissue expression profiles and can rise to microtubules of different properties (PMID: 20191564). How to use beta-tubulin as a loading control Beta-tubulin is one of the most commonly used references as a loading control for cell lysates in western blotting. It is abundantly expressed across various tissues and developmental stages and highly conserved across species. However, since some variability has been observed in the expression levels of commonly used housekeeping genes (PMID: 15627964), it is recommended that more than one loading control antibody is used while developing new assays. More information can be found here: https://www.ptglab.com/news/blog/loading-control-antibodies-for-western-blotting/. What drugs can influence beta-tubulin and organization of microtubules? Many drugs that affect microtubule dynamics target beta-tubulin, mainly by interfering with the GTP hydrolysis (PMID: 21381049). Paclitaxel (Taxol) is used to stabilize microtubules by slowing down their depolymerization, while colchicine and vinca alkaloids (vinblastine) destabilize microtubules. They are used in research and also in the clinic as anti-cancer agents. Is beta-tubulin post-translationally modified? Yes, tubulins are subject to extensive post-translational modifications (PTMs) that affect the organization of microtubules and their dynamics. The most common modifications include polyglutamylation, polyglycylation, polyamination, glycososylation, glycation, phosphorylation, and acetylation (PMID: 24801181 and 25468068). ProtocolsProduct Specific ProtocolsWB protocol for Beta Tubulin antibody 66240-1-IgDownload protocolIHC protocol for Beta Tubulin antibody 66240-1-IgDownload protocolIF protocol for Beta Tubulin antibody 66240-1-IgDownload protocolIP protocol for Beta Tubulin antibody 66240-1-IgDownload protocolStandard ProtocolsClick here to view our Standard Protocols PublicationsAll (110)WB (100)IF (4)SpeciesApplicationTitlehumanWBClin GenetBiallelic mutations in PMFBP1 cause acephalic spermatozoa.Authors - Yan-Wei ShaView ArticleratWBTranspl ImmunolPMID: 30682409Authors - Jin DengView ArticlehumanWBJ Biol ChemRetractile lysyl-tRNA synthetase-AIMP2 assembly in the human multi-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex.Authors - Zhoufei HeiView ArticlemouseWBNeurobiol DisAmyloid beta-mediated KIF5A deficiency disrupts anterograde axonal mitochondrial movement.Authors - Qi WangView ArticlehumanWBFASEB JResveratrol targets TyrRS acetylation to protect against radiation-induced damage.Authors - Piaoyang GaoView ArticlehumanWBFront OncolNuclear Receptor Coactivator 2 Promotes Human Breast Cancer Cell Growth by Positively Regulating the MAPK/ERK Pathway.Authors - Mengjiao CaiView Article See more citations ReviewsAdd a reviewThe reviews below have been submitted by verified Proteintech customers who received an incentive forproviding their feedback.FHYu Siong (Verified Customer) (08-18-2020)Western blot of 4 bands: 4 different treatments.Applications: Western Blot,Cell culturePrimary Antibody Dilution: 1:5000Cell Tissue Type: primary porcine brain endothelial cellsBeta Tubulin Antibody Western Blot,Cell culture validation (1:5000 dilution) in primary porcine brain endothelial cells (Cat no:66240-1-Ig)FHKathryn (Verified Customer) (12-10-2019)Used 1:20000 in 5% BSA on a small amount of neonatal mouse ovary. Very clean and specific, and great that it works at such a low concentration.Applications: Western Blot,Primary Antibody Dilution: 1:20000Cell Tissue Type: mouse ovaryBeta Tubulin Antibody Western Blot, validation (1:20000 dilution) in mouse ovary (Cat no:66240-1-Ig)FHSara (Verified Customer) (10-09-2019)This antibody works great in WB. We use it as loading control in whole cell lysates (mice B cell line), 1:10.000 O/N at 4°C.Applications: Western Blot,Primary Antibody Dilution: 1:10.000Cell Tissue Type: mice, B lymphocytesFHVLADIMIR (Verified Customer) (09-25-2019)B-tubulin IgG2a were used to prepare Fab\' conjugated with Alexa 647-maleimideApplications: Immunofluorescence,Cell Tissue Type: HeLaFHJeffery (Verified Customer) (08-01-2019)Very clean antibody. Works exceptionally well. Runs right at the 50kd marker.Applications: Western Blot,Primary Antibody Dilution: 1:20,000Cell Tissue Type: Ins-1 rat beta cellsBeta Tubulin Antibody Western Blot, validation (1:20,000 dilution) in Ins-1 rat beta cells (Cat no:66240-1-Ig)FHShashirekha (Verified Customer) (05-09-2019)Works great!Applications: Western Blot,Primary Antibody Dilution: 1:5000Cell Tissue Type: NSC-34Beta Tubulin Antibody Western Blot, validation (1:5000 dilution) in NSC-34 (Cat no:66240-1-Ig)FHZunair (Verified Customer) (12-03-2018)Applications: Western Blot,Primary Antibody Dilution: 1:5000Cell Tissue Type: 786-O [786-0] (ATCC® CRL-1932™)Beta Tubulin Antibody Western Blot, validation (1:5000 dilution) in 786-O [786-0] (ATCC® CRL-1932™) (Cat no:66240-1-Ig) Related ProductsBeta Tubulin Rabbit Polyclonal antibody10094-1-APTUBB3-specific Mouse Monoclonal antibody66375-1-IgTubulin Beta Class V Mouse Monoclonal antibody66362-1-IgGamma Tubulin Mouse Monoclonal antibody66320-1-IgAlpha Tubulin Mouse Monoclonal antibody66031-1-Ig WB FiguresWB analysis using 66240-1-IgVarious lysates were subjected to SDS PAGE followed by western blot with 66240-1-Ig (beta Tubulin antibody) at dilution of 1:200000 incubated at room temperature for 1.5 hours.WB analysis using 66240-1-IgVarious lysates were subjected to SDS PAGE followed by western blot with 66240-1-Ig (beta Tubulin antibody) at dilution of 1:100000 incubated at room temperature for 1.5 hours.IHC FiguresIHC staining of human brain using 66240-1-IgImmunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human brain tissue slide using 66240-1-Ig (beta Tubulin antibody at dilution of 1:400 (under 10x lens).IHC staining of human brain using 66240-1-IgImmunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human brain tissue slide using 66240-1-Ig (beta Tubulin antibody at dilution of 1:400 (under 40x lens).IHC staining of human breast cancer using 66240-1-IgImmunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human breast cancer tissue slide using 66240-1-Ig (beta Tubulin antibody at dilution of 1:400 (under 10x lens).IHC staining of human breast cancer using 66240-1-IgImmunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human breast cancer tissue slide using 66240-1-Ig (beta Tubulin antibody at dilution of 1:400 (under 40x lens).IHC staining of human breast cancer using 66240-1-IgImmunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human breast cancer tissue slide using 66240-1-Ig (beta Tubulin antibody) at dilution of 1:10000 (under 10x lens). Heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 9.0).IHC staining of rat brain using 66240-1-IgImmunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded rat brain tissue slide using 66240-1-Ig (beta Tubulin antibody at dilution of 1:400 (under 10x lens).IHC staining of rat brain using 66240-1-IgImmunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded rat brain tissue slide using 66240-1-Ig (beta Tubulin antibody at dilution of 1:400 (under 40x lens).IP FiguresIP experiment of HeLa using 66240-1-IgIP Result of anti-beta Tubulin (IP:66240-1-Ig, 5ug; Detection:66240-1-Ig 1:1000) with HeLa cells lysate 880ug.IF FiguresIF Staining of HeLa using 66240-1-IgImmunofluorescent analysis of (4% PFA) fixed HeLa cells using 66240-1-Ig (beta Tubulin antibody), at dilution of 1:400 and CoraLite®488-Conjugated AffiniPure Goat Anti-Mouse IgG(H+L). Red: staning with CoraLite555-Phalloidin.IF Staining of HepG2 using 66240-1-IgImmunofluorescent analysis of HepG2 cells using 66240-1-Ig (beta Tubulin antibody) at dilution of 1:50 and Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated AffiniPure Goat Anti-Mouse IgG (H+L).IF Staining of HepG2 using 66240-1-IgImmunofluorescent analysis of HepG2 cells using 66240-1-Ig (beta Tubulin antibody) at dilution of 1:50 and Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated AffiniPure Goat Anti-Mouse IgG (H+L). \"Beta Tubulin antibodies\" comparison At Proteintech, we pride ourselves on our antibody quality, customer service and transparency. As such, we are comparing our antibodies with other vendors, enabling easy identification and comparisons of key data to help you choose the suitable antibody for your needs. We have selected the top cited antibodies from these vendors for you to compare. WB : 1:20000-1:100000IP : 0.5-4.0 ug for IP and 1:500-1:2000 for WBIHC : 1:20-1:1000IF : 1:200-1:800 Wheat, Mouse, Hamster, Sea Urchin, Frog, Plant, Bovine, Rat, Rabbit, Moth, Chicken, Human
