Product Specification
Item # 4002: Hepatitis E Composite antigen
Concentration: See vial
Mass/vial: 1mg
Volume/vial: 0.1ml
Diluent: PBS
Purity : Approx. 95%
Stabilizer: None
Preservative: None
Storage: -75°C
Physical State: Frozen Liquid
Stability: At least 2 years at -75°C.
Applications:
Description:
Purification:
Specificity:
Biological Activity: Not determined.
Application and Instructions for use
Glossary
Gene and Gene Products
Structural Proteins: Structural proteins – the products of gag, pol and env genes, which are essential components of the retroviral particle.
Regulatory Proteins: Regulatory proteins – tat and rev proteins of HIV/SIV and tax and rex proteins of HTLVs; essential for viral expression in infected cells.
Accessory Proteins: Accessory proteins – additional (non-regulatory) virion – and non virion-associated proteins produced by HIV/SIV retroviruses: vif, vpr, vpu, vpx, and nef. Although, the accessory proteins are not necessary for viral propagation in tissue culture, they have been conserved in the different isolates; this conservation and experimental observations suggest that their role in vivo is very important.
gag
gag – group-sepecifc antigens or capsid proteins; the precursor is the p55 myristoylated protein, which is processed to p17 (Matrix) p24 (Capsid) and p7 (NucleoCapsid) proteins by the viral protease. Other small proteins are generated from the gag polyprotein.
pol
pol – (p66) generates the viral enzymes protease (p11), reverse transcriptase (p51), endonuclease and integrase (p32) after the processing of a gag-pol precursor polyprotein by the viral protease; gag-pol precursor is produced by ribosome frameshifting.
env
env – viral glycoproteins produced as a precursor (gp160) and processed to the external glycoprotein (gp120) and the transmembrane glycoprotein (gp41). The mature proteins are held together by noncovalent interactions; as a result substantial amount of gp120 is released extracellularly. The external glycoprotein (gp120) contains the binding site for the CD4 receptor.
tat
tat – transactivator of HIV gene expression; one of the two necessary viral regulatory factors (tat and rev) for HIV gene expression. Two forms are known, tat-1 exon (minor form) of 72 amino acids, and tat-2 exon (major form) of 86 amino acids. The electrophoretic mobility of these two forms in SDS gels is anomalous; they are approximately 16 kD and 14 kD in weight. Low levels of both proteins are found in persistently infected cells. tat is localized primarily in the nucleolus/nucleus; it acts by binding to the TAR RNA element and activating transcription from the LTR promoter. Post-transcriptional effects of tat have been postulated.
rev
rev – the second necessary regulatory factor for HIV expression. A 19 kD phosphoprotein localized primarily in the nucleolus/nucleus, rev acts by binding to RRE and promoting the nuclear export, stabilization and utilization of the viral mRNAs containing RRE.
vif
vif – viral infectivity factor, typically 23 kD; required for the efficient transmission of cell-free virus in tissue culture. In the absence of vif, the produced viral particles are defective, while the cell-to-cell transmission of virus is not affected significantly. It has been reported that the cellular localization is in the Golgi (vif is not found in the virion).
nef
nef – approximately 27 kD non-virion protein found in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Potentially myristoylated and associated with the inner plasma membrane. One of the first HIV proteins to be produced in the infected cells, it is the most immunogenic of the accessory proteins and may be used in the future for diagnosis and staging of the disease. NEF is dispensable and probably suffers counter-selection during ex vivo viral propagation in vivo. Recent evidence suggests that SIV nef is required for viral propagation in vivo.
vpr
vpr – virion-associated protein of unknown function found in HIV-1, HIV-2, SIVmac, and SIVmnd; typically 15 kD. May be homologous to vpx. Also called “rap” for rapid.
vpu
vpu – protein that promotes extracellular release of viral particles. Found only in HIV-1. Integral membrane phosphoprotein of 16kd; similar to M2 protein of influenza virus. It may be involved in env maturation. It is not found in the virion.
vpx
vpx – virion protein of 12 kD found only in HIV-2 infection. (vpx may have some homology with vpr).
Related research paper:
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淋巴细胞包括 T淋巴细胞(CD3+)、B淋巴细胞(CD3-CD19+)、NK细胞(CD3-CD16+CD56+),其中,T细胞是淋巴细胞的主要组成。
T 淋巴细胞:就是胸腺依赖淋巴细胞(thymus dependent lymphocyte),简称T细胞。
CD3+ 淋巴细胞代表全T淋巴细胞,它包括辅助/诱导T淋巴细胞(CD3+CD4+)、抑制/细胞毒T淋巴细胞(CD3+CD8+)、CD4+T细胞纯真亚群(CD4+CD45RA+/CD4+CD45RA+62L+)和记忆亚群(CD4+CD45RA-/CD4+CD45RO+)、功能亚群(CD28+)、激活亚群(CD38+、HLA-DR+)、凋亡亚群(CD95+)等。
CD4 和 CD4+ 的区别
实际上,病友们常说的CD4就是辅助/诱导T淋巴细胞(CD3+CD4+)。CD4+T淋巴细胞的正确细胞是CD3和CD4全部双阳性的细胞,同样,病友们常说的CD8就是抑制/细胞毒T淋巴细胞(CD3+CD8+)。CD8+T淋巴细胞是CD3和CD8都为阳性的细胞。在识别CD4和CD8中不应包括其他细胞型别的非T淋巴细胞,比如CD3-CD4+细胞,因为此处CD3为阴性。这就是我们经常会看到文字表述CD3、CD4、CD8后面带有+号的原因,或者如同上面一样——出现更让我们这些外行眼晕的CD3+CD4+、CD3+CD8+。
CD3+CD4+ 代表 T辅助/诱导细胞亚群(病友们简称为CD4)
CD3+CD8+ 代表 T抑制/细胞毒性细胞亚群(病友们简称为CD8)
CD3+CD4+/ CD3+CD8+ 代表 T辅助细胞/T抑制细胞的比值 (病友们简称为CD4/CD8比值)
CD4 加 CD8 等于 CD3 吗?
CD3+理论上应约等于CD4+细胞和CD8+细胞的总和,但往往出现CD4+加CD8+细胞之和大于CD3+,这是因为CD4+细胞包括CD3+/CD4+细胞(真正Th细胞)和CD3-CD4+细胞(非Ts细胞),而后者包括CD3-CD8+CD16+56+细胞(一部分NK细胞)和CD3-CD8+CD16+56-(未知细胞),这部分CD8阳性细胞并不表达CD3。真正的TH细胞是CD3+CD4+细胞,真正Ts细胞是CD3+CD8+细胞。尤其当患者NK细胞明显增加时,会使CD4细胞和CD8细胞的总和远大于CD3+细胞。所以,用CD4、CD8的值来得出CD3的值是不准确的,反之亦然。
我们简单记住——CD3约等于但必然小于CD4加CD8之和。
CD4/CD8比值
由于HIV的攻击对象正是人体的CD4细胞,因此CD4记数能够直接反映人体免疫功能,是提供HIV感染患者免疫系统损害状况最明确的指标。CD4细胞的绝对计数通常会随生理情况的不同而有较大的波动,而CD4和CD8的比值则相对比较稳定。HIV/AIDS患者机会性感染发生频率与CD4细胞计数及CD4/CD8比值有着非常密切的关系,CD4 T细胞计数小于200、CD4/CD8比值小于0.20,机会性感染明显增加,且随着病情进展同时发生多种机会性感染的几率也明显增加。
健康人的数值范围
估计鉴于中国地域、种族等差异原因,加之缺少足够的大样本报告,目前E-HIV看到的参考范围各有不同,而且以相对计数(百分比)为主。现在检测外周血中T淋巴细胞及各亚群数量和比例多以流式细胞术进行,流式细胞检测分单平台法和双平台法。单平台法更精确,但标准荧光微球价格昂贵,且流式细胞仪目前操作未实现全程自动化,手工环节误差难以掌握。双平台法用血细胞计数仪测定白细胞计数,再用流式细胞仪检测相对计数(百分比),从而计算出待测细胞的绝对计数,这可能就是我们看到的参考范围多是百分比的缘故。卫生部2011年12月14日发布了《流式细胞术检测外周血淋巴细胞亚群指南》,2012年6月1日正式实施,指南中并未划定健康人的参考数值。诸位可以参看E-HIV此前转载的相关文献:HIV感染者与健康人CD4、CD8及其比值对照和不同年龄组CD4、CD8正常值调查 。或者参看以下不全面的数据:
相对计数参考数据一:
CD3+细胞阳性率61%~85%;CD4+细胞阳性率28%~58%;CD8+细胞阳性率19%~48%;CD4/CD8比值为0.9~2.0。
相对计数参考数据二:
CD3:60-80% ; CD4:35-55% ; CD8:20-30% ;CD4/CD8比值:1.4-2.0。
CD4/CD8比值还有一数据为1.66±0.33
绝对计数:
CD4的正常值范围在不同的国家会有所差别,即便是同一国家的不同地区其指标也可能存在差异,一般比较认可的范围是每微升血中500~1500个。我们实验室通过对我国20—40岁青壮年人群样本的检测发现,CD4的平均值为750个左右,但也不乏每微升血中只含有CD4细胞350或者400个的健康成人。随着年龄增长(如60岁以上),CD4细胞会逐渐减少。单纯的精神因素完全可以导致CD4偏低,如抑郁症可以使CD4低至每微升血300个,甚至200多个。正常情况下CD4/CD8比值介于1.5~2.5之间,95%的正常人CD4/CD8的比值都在1以上,但是也有一些正常人可以发生倒置(即比值低于1)。
aware天 猫可在家自测不用抽血简单方便
—— 以上来自中国疾病预防控制中心性病艾滋病预防控制中心网站上李太生的问答,网址:点击
李太生是卫生部艾滋病临床专家组副组长和卫生部艾滋病专家咨询委员会临床组副组长,所在的北京协和医院是《流式细胞术检测外周血淋巴细胞亚群指南》的主要起草单位。
《流式细胞术检测外周血淋巴细胞亚群指南》中对指标异常的叙述:
CD4+T细胞减少:常见于恶性肿瘤、 遗传性免疫缺陷症、 艾滋病、 应用免疫抑制剂等。
CD8+T细胞:增多见于系统性红斑狼疮、 慢性活动性肝炎、 传染性单核细胞增多症、 恶性肿瘤及其他病毒感染等。降低见于类风湿性关节炎、 糖尿病等。
CD4+T/CD8+T比值:降低见于传染性单核细胞增多症、 急性巨细胞病毒感染、 再生障碍性贫血、 骨髓移植恢复期、 肾病等,艾滋病患者的 CD4/CD8比值多在0.5以下。增高见于移植后发生排异反应、 类风湿性关节炎 、 糖尿病等。
不知道有没有这样的仪器?
没有这个功能的机器,必须使用counting beads,也就是在一定体积的血制品样本中加入一定量已知体积的计数微球。这样微球的浓度已知,通过计数1000个微球,得到计数的细胞数量,从而计算出原来样品的细胞浓度。
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