Product Description
Advanced BioMatrix’s silk solution is approximately 50 mg/mL (5% W/V) of solubilized protein with a molecular weight of approximately 100k Da, available in 20 mL volume. The silk solution is made of 100% fibroin protein that is derived from the domesticatedBombyx morisilkworm. The product is manufactured in a manner to minimize contamination and has a low bioburden but is not considered sterile.
Fibroin protein is the major structural component of the silkworm’s cocoon fiber. Fibroin offers great potential for use in medically related applications due to the high degree of biocompatibility and lack of immune response when implanted within the body. The silk fiber is solubilized into an aqueous fibroin solution, which can then be used as an additive in culture or for producing 3D scaffolds for tissue-engineering related studies.
As with traditional tissue-engineering approaches, the silk scaffolds are typically seededin vitrowith a specific cell type as most cells will adhere to fibroin protein, and then cultured over time to mimic tissue architecture. It has been shown that the silk fibroin protein can be degraded a number of naturally occurring proteolytic enzymes, and is thus a biologically active scaffold unlike other synthetic materials. As a result the silk scaffold material is degraded and remodeled through similar physiological pathways in the body. Silk fibroin protein is composed of both non-essential and essential amino acids, with a particular concentration of alanine and glycine present, and these amino acids are then reabsorbed by the surrounding cells for new tissue regeneration. This is important as silk degradation products do not collect in the local environment to induce a toxicity which is commonly associated with other synthetic and naturally occurring biomaterials.
The ability to produce a variety of forms and formats scaffold types (e.g. coatings, films, sponges, hydrogels, electro-spun fibers, micro/nanospheres, etc.) offers a number of advantages over other biopolymer systems like collagen, chitosan, and alginate that have less variety in processing choices. The silk material properties can then be modified through a variety of processing techniques to change degradation rate, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, transparency, mechanical strength, porosity, oxygen permeability, and thermal stability. In this regard, silk proteins represent a class of biopolymers with definable material properties for a given application.
This product is prepared from silk fibroin extracted fromBombyx morisilkworm cocoons and contains a high monomer content with a molecular weight of approximately 100k Da. It is supplied as a ~50 mg/mL (5%) aqueous solution. This product is aseptically processed resulting in a low bioburden but is not considered sterile. If culturing cells using this product, measures should be taken to maintain sterility of cultures such as use of antibiotics.This product is shipped separately on dry ice.
| Parameter, Testing, and Method | Silk Fibroin #5154 |
| Form | Solution - Slight haziness |
| Package Size | 20 mL |
| Storage Temperature | -70°C |
| Shelf Life | Minimum of 6 months from date of receipt |
| Concentration | 40-60 mg/mL |
| Purity - SDS PAGE Electrophoresis | Characteristic |
| pH | >4.5 |
| Bioburden | Low (< 50 CFU's) but not sterile |
| Cell Culture Conditions | Antibiotics are recommended |
| Endotoxin | < 5.0 EU/mL |
| Source | Domesticated Bombyx Mori Silkworm |
| Osmolality (mOsmo H20/kg) | <160 |
| Molecular Weight (kDa) | 100-150 |
Directions for Use
Download the full PDF versionor continue reading below:
Experimental Protocols for Material Processing :
1.Culture Well Coating Procedure:Use these recommendations as guidelines to determine the optimal coating conditions for your culture system.
- Remove required quantity of silk solution from the bottle and dispense into a dilution vessel.
- Dilute silk solution with water to 1 mg/mL (1:50).
- Swirl contents gently until material is completely mixed.
- Add appropriate amount of diluted silk solution to the culture surface ensuring that the entire surface is coated.
- Incubate in a clean bench (ISO 100) at room temperature uncovered, for 2-3 hours to allow for complete drying.
- After incubation apply 70% methanol for 20 minutes to induce a water-insoluble silk surface.
- Rinse coated surfaces carefully with sterile medium or PBS. Do not scratch surface.
- Coated surfaces are ready for use or may be stored at 4°C for future use.
2.Concentrating Silk Solution:This technique is used if a higher silk concentration is desired. Higher silk concentrations may be important for specific processing techniques or to modify final material properties.
- Prepare a 10% (W/V).solution of polyethylene glycol (PEG, 10K MW) with deionized water. Mix with a large stir bar on a magnetic stir plate until PEG is completely dissolved.
- Obtain a dialysis membrane with a molecular weight cutoff between 3,500 and 10,000 Da. If necessary hydrate the dialysis cassette per the manufacturer requirements.
- Fill the dialysis membrane with the appropriate amount of 5% silk solution per the dialysis membrane manufacturer guidelines for filling volume.
- Place the silk solution filled dialysis membrane into the 10% (wt/vol) PEG solution and cover.
- Indicate the time and date that the cassette was added to solution. Typical concentrating times will vary depending on the desired final concentration of silk solution, the volume of silk solution being concentrated, and the dialysis membrane used.Note As a typical example, 10 mL of 5% silk solution will yield 2–4 mL of concentrated silk solution after dialyzing against 10% (W/V) PEG for 20–22 hours. In general, optimization runs are usually recommended per user requirements.
- Remove the concentrated silk solution from the PEG bath and dialysis cassette after the concentrating time has finished and store silk solution at 4°C for future use. NOTE: Silk solution shelf life decreases with increasing concentration, so use concentrated silk solution soon within 1 week after it is produced.
- Silk solution concentration can be determined by weight percent concentration. To do this, weigh out approximately 100 µL of concentrated silk solution on a precision balance and record the wet weight. Allow the solution to dry into a film and measure the silk protein dry weight. Divide the dry weight over the wet weight and multiply by 100% to get the weight percent concentration of the solution.
3.Freestanding Silk Films:This processing method produces freestanding silk film materials that can be used for cell culture or in vivo transplantation. Freestanding silk films offer the advantage of easy removal from culture conditions for further sample analysis.
- Add 7 mL of 5% silk solution into a 100 mm Petri dish and allow drying uncovered in a clean bench environment. This typically takes several hours and is best left overnight.
- The formed film will be approximately 40-60 µm in thickness and can be removed from the Petri dish using forceps. Increasing the amount of silk solution or using higher concentration silk solution produces thicker films.
- The films are currently water-soluble and can be made insoluble for cell culture using either of the following methods:
i. Methanol bath incubation:a. Fill dish with 70% methanol and 30% deionized water and mix.b. Place silk film into methanol solution for 10 minutes.c. Remove silk film and rinse with sterile water or appropriate medium.Note :This processing method rapidly produces insoluble silk film material properties that tend to be opaque, more hydrophobic, and have slow degradation rates in situ.
ii. Water-annealing:a. Obtain an emptied lab vacuum desiccator and fill bottom partially with water.b. Place films on shelf above water, cover, and then pull a 25 in Hg vacuum.c. Stop cock the chamber and allow to sit for 4 hours.d. Remove samples from chamber and sterilize with 70% ethanol and then rinse with sterile water or appropriate media. Note: This processing method produces insoluble silk film material properties that tend to be transparent, more hydrophilic, and have fast degradation rates in situ.
- Films can then be cut to shape and stored for 2 years or more at room temperature if not used immediately.Note:Silk films can also be cast onto patterned surfaces to replicate the surface topography, typically silicone rubber or similar materials will be used for ease of silk material removal. In addition, weighting methods may be required to keep films submerged in media due to potential material buoyancy.
4.3D Silk Sponge Scaffolds:This processing method creates 3D porous scaffolds for both in vitro and in vivo applications or in situ implantation. The scaffold pore size and degradability characteristics can also be tuned using the method below.
A. Aliquot silk solution into a desired molding vessel, Teflon is recommended to allow for ease of material removal.
B. For each sample being prepared weigh the necessary amount of salt to maintain a 25:1 ratio of salt to silk weigh.Note: The control over pore size is dictated by the chosen sodium chloride (salt) crystal size. If a defined pore size is preferred use stainless steel sieves to produce a uniform salt crystal size. It is recommended for salt particles that are 750 µm and larger that the silk solution is concentrated to 8% or above.
C. Add the salt slowly to the silk solution while rotating the molds to allow for uniform salt addition. Be sure to carefully remove air bubbles formed from material displacement through mild agitation or tapping on a surface.
D. Cover the mold and allow the solution to sit for 1-2 days at room temperature to allow for silk scaffold formation.
E. After the scaffold has formed remove the mold cover and place samples into a 2-liter beaker of DI water and place on stir plate.
F. Change the water every 8-12 hours for 48 hours.
H. After the washing period remove the formed scaffolds from the mold and place in a final deionized water rinse for 24 hours to ensure complete removal of residual salt.
I. Scaffolds can be stored in deionized water for at 4 °C or dry at room temperature until needed.
J. The scaffolds can be cut to the required dimensions and steam sterilized before using
5. 3D Silk Hydrogels:This processing method can be used to produce silk hydrogels for use as an injectable biomaterial, in vitro culture, and in vivo use.
A. Place the 5% silk solution into the desired molding vessel or vial.
B. Secure the vessel or vial to a lab vortexer with tape in an upright position.
C. Vortex the solution for a several minutes and at maximal rotational speed. These parameters will need to be optimized for the given silk solution volume and mold geometry.
Note: As an example, pipette 1 mL of silk solution in a glass vial and vortex for ~7 min at 3,200 RPM. The solution should increase in turbidity indicating the gelation process has been initiated.
Note: Once the solution has been vortexed, do not transfer the solution to a secondary container before gelation has completed.
D. Place the vortexed silk/molding vessel/vial in a 37 °C incubator overnight to expedite gelation time.
E. Silk hydrogels can be used for future use as long as they remain hydrated and stored in deionized water at 4 °C.
Product Q & A
The silk fibroin contains a fair number of aspartic (0.5 mol%, ~25 residues) and glutamic acids (0.6 mol%, ~30 residues),as well as a small number of lysine residues (0.2 mol%, ~12 residues).
We use the dry down method. (Weigh out a certain amount of silk fibroin and leave in a 60C oven overnight, and weigh the left-over protein).
The silk we supply is a partially hydrolyzed silk fibroin II solution. Whole cocoons, harvested from domesticated Bombyx mori in China, are degummed and processed into a liquid protein solution using heavy inorganic salts. The solution is then desalted, tested, and packaged. One of the key features of our silk fibroin solution is the preservation of the fibroin light chain at around 25 kDa as shown on the gel.
Prepare 1- 2 Liters of 10% wt./vol. PEG solution and then dialyze the 5% fibroin solution overnight in a 3 kDa dialysis cassette overnight (~12 hrs). This should get you to between 10% - 15% fibroin.
Otherwise, the 'quick and dirty' way to do this is allow the water to evaporate from the Silk Fibroin 5% solution in a clean bench. You can dispense the Silk Fibroin solution into a large weigh dish to increase the evaporative surface and then check the dry weight of the fibroin protein periodically. This method can concentrate the solution significantly by the end of the work day.
The Silk Fibroin Protein that we offer is in the ‘regenerated’ form. This material is derived from the silk worm cocoon and then processed and solubilized into an aqueous form.
The silkis a partially hydrolyzed solution of fibroin heavy and light chain proteins. There will be some free amino acids present due to this hydrolysis, but the large majority of the material consists of the former two elements (heavy and light chains).
The silk solution is made from de-sericinized (or degummed it is sometime called) silk fiber. We remove the sericin via our extraction process.
Yes.
A coating allowed to air dry, or a shorter (15-30 minutes) water annealing.
While the native fibroin proteins exist in a 6:6:1 ratio, this composition is almost certainly not preserved during the manufacturing process that are used to create aqueous fibroin solution. This is because the heavy and light chains of fibroin have considerably different amino acid composition and hydrophobicity, rendering them unequally prone to hydrolysis during sericin degumming. This can be seen on the electrophoretic gel from the solution, where the heavy chain is seen as a smear, but the light chain is a relatively preserved band. We have not endeavored into determining the extent of p25 hydrolysis.
Yes.
It is best to maintain the product between -20 and -70 C. Any unused solution should be divided into smaller aliquots and frozen. Try to thaw/refreeze as few times as possible.
The 5% solution has a viscosity of ~12cp. When diluted in water to 2.5%, the viscosity is ~6cp.
Product References
References using Silk Fibroin from Advanced BioMatrix
Compaan, Ashley M., Kyle Christensen, and Yong Huang. "Inkjet bioprinting of 3D silk fibroin cellular constructs using sacrificial alginate."ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering8 (2016): 1519-1526.
Jiang, Bojing, et al. "Water‐Based Photo‐and Electron‐Beam Lithography Using Egg White as a Resist."Advanced Materials Interfaces7 (2017): 1601223.
Liew, Lawrence J., Richard M. Day, and Rodney J. Dilley. "Tympanic membrane organ culture using cell culture well inserts engrafted with tympanic membrane tissue explants."BioTechniques3 (2017): 109-114.
Jativa, Fernando, and Xuehua Zhang. "Transparent silk fibroin microspheres from controlled droplet dissolution in a binary solution."Langmuir31 (2017): 7780-7787.
Maghdouri-White, Yas, et al. "Mammary epithelial cell adhesion, viability, and infiltration on blended or coated silk fibroin–collagen type I electrospun scaffolds."Materials Science and Engineering: C43 (2014): 37-44.
Choi, Moonhyun, Daheui Choi, and Jinkee Hong. "Multilayered controlled drug release silk fibroin nano-film by manipulating secondary structure."Biomacromolecules(2018).
Other references using Silk Fibroin:
Panilaitis B, Altman G, Chen J, Jin H, Karageorgiou V, Kaplan D. Macrophage responses to silk. Biomaterials. 2003;24(18):3079–85.
Meinel L, Hofmann S, Karageorgiou V, Kirker-Head C, McCool J, Gronowicz G, et al. The inflammatory responses to silk films in vitro and in vivo. Biomaterials. 2005;26(2):147–55.
Wang Y, Rudym D, Walsh A, Abrahamsen L, Kim H, Kim H, et al. In vivo degradation of three-dimensional silk fibroin scaffolds. Biomaterials. 2008;29(24-25):3415–28.
Kim U, Park J, Kim HJ, Wada M. Three-dimensional aqueous-derived biomaterial scaffolds from silk fibroin. Biomaterials. 2005.
Horan R, Antle K, Collette A, Wang Y, Huang J, Moreau J, et al. In vitro degradation of silk fibroin. Biomaterials. 2005;26(17):3385–93.
Li M, Ogiso M, Minoura N. Enzymatic degradation behavior of porous silk fibroin sheets. Biomaterials. 2003;24(2):357–65.
Desjardins M. Phagocytosis: at the crossroads of innate and adaptive immunity. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2005.
Onuki Y, Bhardwaj U. A review of the biocompatibility of implantable devices: current challenges to overcome foreign body response. J Diabetes Science and Technology. 2008.
Motta A, Fambri L, Migliaresi C. Regenerated silk fibroin films: thermal and dynamic mechanical analysis. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics. 2002;203(10-11):1658–65.
Agarwal N, Hoagland D, Farris R. Effect of moisture absorption on the thermal properties of Bombyx mori silk fibroin films. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 1997;63(3):401–10.
Jin H, Park J, Valluzzi R, Cebe P, Kaplan D. Biomaterial films of Bombyx mori silk fibroin with poly (ethylene oxide). Biomacromolecules. 2004;5(3):711–7.
Tretinnikov O, Tamada Y. Influence of casting temperature on the near-surface structure and wettability of cast silk fibroin films. Langmuir. 2001;17(23):7406–13.
DuFort CC, Paszek MJ, Weaver VM. Balancing forces: architectural control of mechanotransduction. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. Nature Publishing Group; 2011 May;12(5):308–19.
Califano JP, Reinhart-King CA. A Balance of Substrate Mechanics and Matrix Chemistry Regulates Endothelial Cell Network Assembly. Cel Mol Bioeng. 2008 Oct 15;1(2-3):122–32.
Reinhart-King CA. How Matrix Properties Control the Self-Assembly and Maintenance of Tissues. Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 2011 Apr 14;39(7):1849–56.
Rice W, Firdous S, Gupta S, Hunter M, Foo C, Wang Y, et al. Non-invasive characterization of structure and morphology of silk fibroin biomaterials using non-linear microscopy. Biomaterials. 2008;29(13):2015–24.
Lawrence BD, Pan Z, Weber MD, Kaplan DL, Rosenblatt MI. Silk film culture system for in vitro analysis and biomaterial design. J Vis Exp. 2012;(62):e3646.
Lawrence B, Cronin-Golomb M, Georgakoudi I, Kaplan D, Omenetto F. Bioactive silk protein biomaterial systems for optical devices. Biomacromolecules. 2008;9(4):1214–20.
Omenetto F, Kaplan D. A new route for silk. Nature Photonics. 2008;2(11):641–3.
Rockwood DN, Preda RC, Yücel T, Wang X, Lovett ML, Kaplan DL. Materials fabrication from Bombyx mori silk fibroin. Nature protocols. Nature Publishing Group; 2011;6(10):1612–31.
Yucel T, Cebe P, Kaplan DL. Vortex-Induced Injectable Silk Fibroin Hydrogels. Biophysical Journal. 2009 Oct;97(7):2044–50.
Product Certificate of Analysis
Safety and Documentation
Safety Data Sheet
Certificate of Origin
Product Disclaimer
This product is for R&D use only and is not intended for human or other uses. Please consult the Material Safety Data Sheet for information regarding hazards and safe handling practices.
美国AdvancedBioMatrix（简称ABM） www.advancedbiomatrix.comAdvancedBioMatrix（简称ABM）是美国一家著名的生物公司，获得了AllerganInc的授权(Allergan用25年时间不断完善胶原蛋白相关的产品的生产工艺)，将Allergan的专业和技术用于蛋白生产与检测，致力于为组织工程、细胞分析及细胞增殖等研究领域提供优质稳定的产品。AdvancedBioMatrix不断丰富已有产品线，目前可为三维细胞培养提供各种胶原蛋白、纤连蛋白、玻连蛋白、水性凝胶、不同粘度与分子量的透明质酸以及低代成纤维细胞等。在美国全部产品授权Sigma销售。AdvancedBioMatrix是组织培养，细胞分析和细胞增殖三维（3D）应用的生命科学领域的领导者。我们的产品被公认为纯度，功能性和一致性的标准。我们在生产，分离，纯化，冷冻干燥，细胞培养和蛋白质测试，粘附肽，附着因子，底物刚性和其他3D矩阵产品方面拥有丰富的专业知识。我们的专业技术和知识正在被用来确保我们的产品质量最高，批次之间一致且易于为我们的研究客户使用。
美国AdvancedBioMatrix是3D组织培养、细胞检测和细胞增殖等领域实验解决方案的佼佼者。AdvancedBioMatrix在分离、纯化、冻干、细胞培养和蛋白检测、多肽粘附、附着因子、基质硬度和其他3Dmatrix 产品开发方面有着丰富的经验。AdvancedBioMatrix的研发经验和专业知识确保其产品可达到最佳质量，并保证产品之间一致性，方便研究客户使用。以下为AdvancedBioMatrix3DMatrices 产品竞争优势：1. 提供高纯度和成分确定的胞外基质；2. 超过1000余篇文献引用PureCol产品，品质非常均一；3. 在3D培养基领域可提供最全面的产品线；4. 唯一可提供特异性刚性有机硅基板的公司（CytoSoft）;5. 唯一可提供可溶性丝纤蛋白的供应商（可运用于多种3D培养）；6. 如果客户首次接触3D胶原凝胶，AdvancedBioMatrix还是唯一的预制胶原蛋白(PureColEZGel)供应商；
以下产品为AdvancedBioMatrix全球畅销品：1.PureCol 牛源I型胶原蛋白 3mg/ml#5005-100ML2.Nutragen牛源I型胶原蛋白 6mg/ml#5010-50ML3.FibriCol 牛源I型胶原蛋白 10mg/ml#5133-20ML4.VitroCol 人源I型胶原蛋白 #5007-20ML5. 弹性蛋白原 #5052-1MG6.ECMSelectArraykitUltra-36#5170-1EA7.CytoSoft（刚性可变的基底，AdvancedBioMatrix最新添加产品5190-7EA）8. 人III型胶原蛋白 #5021-10MG9. 人IV型胶原蛋白 #5022-5MG10.SilkFibroin溶液 #5154-20ML11.Fibronectin#5080-5MG12.Vitronectin#5051-0.1MG
ebiomall.com
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
一、脑电图脑电图（EEG）检查：是在头部按一定部位放置8-16个电极，经脑电图机将脑细胞固有的生物电活动放大并连续描记在纸上的图形。正常情况下，脑电图有一定的规律性，当脑部尤其是皮层有病变时，规律性受到破坏，波形即发生变化，对其波形进行分析，可辅助临床对及脑部疾病进行诊断。对脑波的频率、波幅、两侧的对称性以及慢波的数量、部位、出现方式及有无病理波等进行分析。许多脑部病变可引起脑波的异常。如颅内占位性病变（尤其是皮层部位者）可有限局性慢波；散发性脑炎，绝大部分脑电图呈现弥漫性高波幅慢波；此外如脑血管病、炎症、外伤、代谢性脑病等都有各种不同程度的异常，但脑深部和线部位的病变阳性率很低。须加指出的是，脑电图表现没有特异性，必须结合临床进行综合判断，然而对于癫痫则有决定性的诊断价值，在阗痫发作间歇期，脑电图可有阵发性高幅慢波、棘波、尖波、棘一慢波综合等所谓“痛性放电”表现。为了提高脑电图的阳性率，可依据不同的病变部位采用不同的电极放置方法。如鼻咽电极、鼓膜电极和蝶骨电极，在开颅时也可将电极置于皮层（皮层电极）或埋入脑深部结构（深部电极）；此外，还可使用各种诱发试验，如睁闭眼、过度换气、闪光刺激、睡眠诱发、剥夺睡眠诱发以及静脉注射美解眠等。但蝶骨电极和美解眠诱发试验等方法，可给病人带来痛苦和损害，须在有经验者指导下进行。随着科技的日益发展，近年来又有了遥控脑电图和24小时监测脑电图。
二、脑电地形图（BEAM）
是在EEG的基础上，将脑电信号输入电脑内进行再处理，通过模数转换和付立叶转换，将脑电信号转换为数字信号，处理成为脑电功率谱，按照不同频带进行分类，依功率的多少分级，最终使脑电信号转换成一种能够定量的二维脑波图像，此种图象能客观地反映各部电位变化的空间分布状态，其定量标志可以用数字或颜色表示，再用打印机打印在颅脑模式图上，或贮存在软盘上。它的优越性在于能发现EEG中较难判别的细微异常，提高了阳性率，且病变部位图象直观醒目，定位比较准确，从而客观对大脑机能进行评价。主要应用于缺血性脑血管病的早期诊断及疗效予后的评价，小儿脑发育与脑波变化的研究，视觉功能的研究，大浮肿瘤的定位以及精神药物的研究等。
三、脑磁图
电流在导体内流动进，导体周围可以产生磁场。同理，脑细胞的电活动也有极微弱的磁场，可用高灵敏度的磁场传感器予以检测，并记录其随时间变化的关系曲线，是即脑磁图，其图形与EEG图形相似。与EEG相比，优点是：可发现有临床意义而又不能被EEG记录到的波形，或检测到皮质局限性的异常电磁活动；此外，磁检器不与头皮接触，也减少了干扰造成的伪差。若与EEG同时描记，还可对不同物理方位的皮质群进行分析。但由于屏蔽、电磁装置以及其他设备复杂、昂贵，目前国内尚无此项设备。
四、诱发电位
给人体感官、感觉神经或运动皮质、运动神经以刺激，兴奋沿相应的神经通路向中枢或外周传导，在传导过程中，产生的不断组合传递的电位变化，即为诱发电位，对其加以分析，即或反映出不同部位的神经功能状态。由于诱发电位非常微小，须借助电脑对重复刺激的信号进行叠加处理，将其放大，并从淹没于肌电、脑电的背景中提取出来，才能加以描记。主要是对波形、主波的潜伏期、波峰间期和波幅等进行分析，为临床诊断提供参考，目前临床常用的有视觉、脑干听觉、体感、运动和事件相关诱发电位，以及视网膜图和耳蜗电图等，可分别反映视网膜、视觉通路、内耳、听神经、脑干、外周神经、脊髓后索、感觉皮质以及上下运动神经元的各种病变，事件相关诱发电位则用以判断患者的注意力和反应能力。诱发电位具有高度敏感性，对感觉障碍可进行客观评诂，对病变能进行定量判断。对心理精神领域可进行一定的检测，故当前广泛应用于对神经系统病变的早期诊断，病情随访，疗效判断，予后估计，神经系统发育情况的评估以及协助判断昏迷性质和脑死亡等。但图形无特异性，必须结合临床资料进行判断；不在有关神经传导径路中的病变，不能发现异常。近年，诱发电位的频谱分析和诱发电位地形图也在临床上逐渐开始应用，进一步提高了其临床应用价值。
五、肌电图（EMG）
是用肌电图仪记录神经和肌肉的生物电活动，对其波形进行测量分析，可以了解神经、肌肉的功能状态，协助对下运动神经元或肌肉疾病的诊断。目前常用的方法有三种：①针极肌电图：亦称普通肌电图，是将特制的针电极刺入肌腹，或用表面电极置于肌肉表面皮肤，在示波器上或记录纸上观察肌肉在静止、轻收缩、重收缩三种状态下的电位变化，以帮助判断疾病究系神经源性或肌源性损害。②神经传导速度测定：也即运动神经传导速度（MCV）和感觉神经传导速度（SCV）测定。系在神经干的近端（MCV）或远端（SCV）给以脉冲刺激，在远端效应肌（MCV）或近端神经走行部位（SCV）接收波形，测理两点之间的潜伏期和距离，即可计算出运动神经或感觉神经传导速度，主要用于了解神经传导功能情况。③其他：如重复频率试验，F波、H反射、牵张反射等检查以及单纤维肌电图检查等，可进一步了解神经、肌肉、神经一肌接头以及脊髓反射弧的功能状态。
六、脑阻抗血流图（REG）
是检查头部血管功能和供血情况的一种方法。其原理是通过放置在头部的电极给以微弱的高频电流，由于血液的电阻率最小，其电阻可随心动周期供血的变化而变化，这种节律性的阻抗变化，经血流图仪放大，可描记出波动性曲线，对其进行测量、计算、分析，可间接了解外周阻力、血管弹性和供血情况。本法简便易行，但因影响因素比较多，如情绪、气温、检查当时的血管功能状态等，故对其判断应加慎重。须结合临床症状，体征等进行判断。常用于脑动脉硬化、闭塞性脑血管病、偏头痛以及药物疗效观察等。
具体操作是:局麻下将3～4根电极导管经股静脉、锁骨下静脉送入冠状静脉窦、高位右心房及希氏束、右心室等部位，刺激心房和心室诱发与临床一致的心动过速，定位心动过速起源点，然后将消融用的电极导管送达已定位的起源点并与体外的射频发生器相连。放电后重复电生理检查，若不能诱发心动过速且临床随访无发作，则说明消融成功。
此方法治疗的疾病有:预激综合征和房室结双经路引起的阵发性室上性心动过速、房扑和房颤、室性心动过速及房性心动过速。
磁共振 CT 脑电图 多普勒 肌电图 诱发电位 脑脊液检查 血液检查。。。。。。。。。。。。
心内科
心脏电生理记录系统、有创血压监测系统、心脏射频消融仪、心电分析系统、多参数监护仪、医疗网络产品等。
产品主要用于心脏射频消融、心脏电生理检查、冠脉造影、经皮冠状动脉成型术、支架植入、二尖瓣球囊扩张等心脏介入手术；人体生理参数监测；心电图分析等
我们一般是在心导管室内，要在特殊的X线设备，可以转动的C臂心血管造影机，影像增强设备和电视荧屏设备，多导电生理记录仪，心脏程控刺激仪等。高档可以有三维电解剖生理定位标测系统比如CARTO，EnSite3000，这仅仅国内少数顶尖医院才有。
我们做电生理检查是通过你自身的血管放入心导管，直到心脏相应部位，一般主要局部麻醉，小孩则需要全麻。手术前必须停用抗心律失常药物至少5个半衰期以上，一般至少要3天，一般抗凝药物也是需要停用的。
我们局部需要手术前备皮，也就是局部皮肤清洁，有毛发的也需要清理干净。然后铺上洞巾。仅仅暴露局部血管穿刺部位。
我们穿刺血管插入诱发电极导管是根据不同需要来的，比如通常我们需要至少放置冠状静脉窦电极，右心室电极，高位右心房电极，和His束电极，那么冠状静脉窦电极是一般通过左锁骨下静脉或者右颈内静脉穿刺放置的，而右心室、高右房和His束电极则通过右股静脉放置。这些和体表心电图构成都可以让医生在电视屏幕上看到你不同的心电图图形，这样可以更加明确你心律失常的机制，部位。那么我们就可以标定你需要消融的部位（靶点）
我们通过插入电极导管，然后我们就进行心电生理检查，也就是人工给与各种电刺激，诱发你心律失常，比如我们可以采用输出电刺激信号比如用S1S1 刺激，也可以采用S1S2刺激等等，有时候可以静脉点滴异丙肾上腺素等药物，增加诱发的成功率，术前我们停用抗心律失常药物也是这个目的，就是诱发出你心律失常，这样我们根据体表和心内心电图，可以准确判断并定位你心律失常发生机制和部位，为下一步射频导管消融作准备，其实标定，是最为关键的一步，你只有找准敌人才能准确打击。准确的标定，也就是找准敌人的位置，那么就为打击敌人，做出关键的作用。我们的射频导管就像导弹一样，但是你必须先直到敌人在哪里，把它标定好，然后我们的导弹就可以直接定点清除。
目前比较新的高档的比如CARTO，就是类似于全球定位系统GPS的原理，可以准确三维立体定位你心律失常形成的部位和路径。一般我们针对最多是折返造成的心律失常，比如最多用于房室结双径路或者房室旁路引起的阵发性室上速，成功率一般是95%以上。
如果是房扑，主要是经典房扑，那么一般我们需要用一个Halo导管，一根可以弯折的上面带有很多对电极的导管，沿着折返环，环形放置。那么成功率也可以到95%。
1.在没有开始记录（空跑的状态下）和开始记录时的波形的基线都不在0点而是处于负值，是因为仪器设备设置的问题还是仪器本身有损坏？
2.记录ACC场电的通道50Hz干扰特别大，接地线排干扰后仍然存在，可能是什么问题呢？
3.Brownlee440的Amplifier上有Gain，lowpassfilter，Highpassfilter的设置，这个设置对ACC场电的记录有影响吗？如果记录ACC的场电，一般常用的参数是多少啊？
4.有没有用过这个仪器记录过肌电的前辈，我用A-B模式可以记录到类似Chart5软件记录的肌电波形。可是用clampfit10.2的Analyze--statistics--Measurement--Area分析,分析出来的数值太小，与波形不符。从波形看，明显有强的肌肉收缩，但是数值却没有明显差异。有前辈分析过肌电吗？是否我的分析方法不对？或者是应为问题1中提到的基线不在0点所引起的曲线下面积分析的误差？
感谢！
先来个简单介绍：
电生理检查在临床中的应用
（electrophysiologicalexamination）
一、脑电图
脑电图（EEG）检查：是在头部按一定部位放置8-16个电极，经脑电图机将脑细胞固有的生物电活动放大并连续描记在纸上的图形。正常情况下，脑电图有一定的规律性，当脑部尤其是皮层有病变时，规律性受到破坏，波形即发生变化，对其波形进行分析，可辅助临床对及脑部疾病进行诊断。
脑波按其频率分为：δ波（1-3c/s）θ波（4-7c/s）、α波（8-13c/s）、β波（14-25c/s）γ波（25c/s以上），δ和θ波称为慢波，β和γ波称为快波。依年龄不同其基本波的频率也不同，如3岁以下小儿以δ波为主，3-6岁以θ波为主，随年龄增长，α波逐渐增多，到成年人时以α波为主，但年龄之间无明确的严格界限，如有的儿童4、5岁枕部α波已很明显。正常成年人在清醒、安静、闭眼时，脑波的基本节律是枕部α波为主，其他部位则是以α波间有少量慢波为主。判断脑波是否正常，主要是根据其年龄，对脑波的频率、波幅、两侧的对称性以及慢波的数量、部位、出现方式及有无病理波等进行分析。许多脑部病变可引起脑波的异常。如颅内占位性病变（尤其是皮层部位者）可有限局性慢波；散发性脑炎，绝大部分脑电图呈现弥漫性高波幅慢波；此外如脑血管病、炎症、外伤、代谢性脑病等都有各种不同程度的异常，但脑深部和线部位的病变阳性率很低。须加指出的是，脑电图表现没有特异性，必须结合临床进行综合判断，然而对于癫痫则有决定性的诊断价值，在阗痫发作间歇期，脑电图可有阵发性高幅慢波、棘波、尖波、棘一慢波综合等所谓“痛性放电”表现。为了提高脑电图的阳性率，可依据不同的病变部位采用不同的电极放置方法。如鼻咽电极、鼓膜电极和蝶骨电极，在开颅时也可将电极置于皮层（皮层电极）或埋入脑深部结构（深部电极）；此外，还可使用各种诱发试验，如睁闭眼、过度换气、闪光刺激、睡眠诱发、剥夺睡眠诱发以及静脉注射美解眠等。但蝶骨电极和美解眠诱发试验等方法，可给病人带来痛苦和损害，须在有经验者指导下进行。随着科技的日益发展，近年来又有了遥控脑电图和24小时监测脑电图。
二、脑电地形图（BEAM）
是在EEG的基础上，将脑电信号输入电脑内进行再处理，通过模数转换和付立叶转换，将脑电信号转换为数字信号，处理成为脑电功率谱，按照不同频带进行分类，依功率的多少分级，最终使脑电信号转换成一种能够定量的二维脑波图像，此种图象能客观地反映各部电位变化的空间分布状态，其定量标志可以用数字或颜色表示，再用打印机打印在颅脑模式图上，或贮存在软盘上。它的优越性在于能发现EEG中较难判别的细微异常，提高了阳性率，且病变部位图象直观醒目，定位比较准确，从而客观对大脑机能进行评价。主要应用于缺血性脑血管病的早期诊断及疗效予后的评价，小儿脑发育与脑波变化的研究，视觉功能的研究，大浮肿瘤的定位以及精神药物的研究等。
三、脑磁图
电流在导体内流动进，导体周围可以产生磁场。同理，脑细胞的电活动也有极微弱的磁场，可用高灵敏度的磁场传感器予以检测，并记录其随时间变化的关系曲线，是即脑磁图，其图形与EEG图形相似。与EEG相比，优点是：可发现有临床意义而又不能被EEG记录到的波形，或检测到皮质局限性的异常电磁活动；此外，磁检器不与头皮接触，也减少了干扰造成的伪差。若与EEG同时描记，还可对不同物理方位的皮质群进行分析。但由于屏蔽、电磁装置以及其他设备复杂、昂贵，目前国内尚无此项设备。
四、诱发电位
给人体感官、感觉神经或运动皮质、运动神经以刺激，兴奋沿相应的神经通路向中枢或外周传导，在传导过程中，产生的不断组合传递的电位变化，即为诱发电位，对其加以分析，即或反映出不同部位的神经功能状态。由于诱发电位非常微小，须借助电脑对重复刺激的信号进行叠加处理，将其放大，并从淹没于肌电、脑电的背景中提取出来，才能加以描记。主要是对波形、主波的潜伏期、波峰间期和波幅等进行分析，为临床诊断提供参考，目前临床常用的有视觉、脑干听觉、体感、运动和事件相关诱发电位，以及视网膜图和耳蜗电图等，可分别反映视网膜、视觉通路、内耳、听神经、脑干、外周神经、脊髓后索、感觉皮质以及上下运动神经元的各种病变，事件相关诱发电位则用以判断患者的注意力和反应能力。诱发电位具有高度敏感性，对感觉障碍可进行客观评诂，对病变能进行定量判断。对心理精神领域可进行一定的检测，故当前广泛应用于对神经系统病变的早期诊断，病情随访，疗效判断，予后估计，神经系统发育情况的评估以及协助判断昏迷性质和脑死亡等。但图形无特异性，必须结合临床资料进行判断；不在有关神经传导径路中的病变，不能发现异常。近年，诱发电位的频谱分析和诱发电位地形图也在临床上逐渐开始应用，进一步提高了其临床应用价值。
五、肌电图（EMG）
是用肌电图仪记录神经和肌肉的生物电活动，对其波形进行测量分析，可以了解神经、肌肉的功能状态，协助对下运动神经元或肌肉疾病的诊断。目前常用的方法有三种：①针极肌电图：亦称普通肌电图，是将特制的针电极刺入肌腹，或用表面电极置于肌肉表面皮肤，在示波器上或记录纸上观察肌肉在静止、轻收缩、重收缩三种状态下的电位变化，以帮助判断疾病究系神经源性或肌源性损害。②神经传导速度测定：也即运动神经传导速度（MCV）和感觉神经传导速度（SCV）测定。系在神经干的近端（MCV）或远端（SCV）给以脉冲刺激，在远端效应肌（MCV）或近端神经走行部位（SCV）接收波形，测理两点之间的潜伏期和距离，即可计算出运动神经或感觉神经传导速度，主要用于了解神经传导功能情况。③其他：如重复频率试验，F波、H反射、牵张反射等检查以及单纤维肌电图检查等，可进一步了解神经、肌肉、神经一肌接头以及脊髓反射弧的功能状态。
六、脑阻抗血流图（REG）
是检查头部血管功能和供血情况的一种方法。其原理是通过放置在头部的电极给以微弱的高频电流，由于血液的电阻率最小，其电阻可随心动周期供血的变化而变化，这种节律性的阻抗变化，经血流图仪放大，可描记出波动性曲线，对其进行测量、计算、分析，可间接了解外周阻力、血管弹性和供血情况。本法简便易行，但因影响因素比较多，如情绪、气温、检查当时的血管功能状态等，故对其判断应加慎重。须结合临床症状，体征等进行判断。常用于脑动脉硬化、闭塞性脑血管病、偏头痛以及药物疗效观察等。
暂无品牌问答
