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Description

Naringenin is a phytoestrogen and flavanone found in citrus fruits. Naringenin exhibits antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, anti-metastatic, anti-asthma, anti-allergic, anti-fibrotic, anti-metastatic, antiviral, antidepressant, anticancer, and gastrointestinal motility modulating activities. Naringenin inhibits oxidative damage in animal models of Alzheimer’s disease and protects against 6-OHDA-induced neurodegeneration by increasing levels of Nrf2 in animal models of Parkinson’s disease. In animal models of CCl4-induced liver injury, naringenin inhibits lipid peroxidation, increases levels of glutathione, HO-1, and Nrf2, and decreases levels of TNF-α, COX-2, and iNOS. In macrophages, naringenin alters expression of toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2, TLR4) and CD86; it also inhibits Treg-induced suppression and limits metastasis in animal models. In other animal models, naringenin inhibits allergen-induced airway inflammation. Naringenin also decreases levels of α-SMA, collagen type I, fibronectin, and ERK1/2 in fibroblasts. In leukemia cells, naringenin induces apoptosis, decreases the mitochondrial membrane potential and levels of Bcl-2, and increases levels of Bax. This compound also shows benefit in the tail suspension test and inhibits hepatitis C viral assembly.

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Esmaeili MA, Alilou M. Naringenin attenuates CCl4 -induced hepatic inflammation by the activation of an Nrf2-mediated pathway in rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2014 Jun;41(6):416-22. PMID: 24684352.

Chtourou Y, Fetoui H, Gdoura R. Protective effects of naringenin on iron-overload-induced cerebral cortex neurotoxicity correlated with oxidative stress. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2014 Jun;158(3):376-83. PMID: 24682942.

Lou H, Jing X, Wei X, et al. Naringenin protects against 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity via activation of the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. Neuropharmacology. 2014 Apr;79:380-8. PMID: 24333330.

Kim S, Park TI. Naringenin: a partial agonist on estrogen receptor in T47D-KBluc breast cancer cells. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2013 Oct 25;6(10):890-9. PMID: 24260594.

Yilma AN, Singh SR, Morici L, et al. Flavonoid naringenin: a potential immunomodulator for Chlamydia trachomatis inflammation. Mediators Inflamm. 2013;2013:102457. PMID: 23766556.

Jang Y, Kim SW, Oh J, et al. Ghrelin receptor is activated by naringin and naringenin, constituents of a prokinetic agent Poncirus fructus. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013 Jul 9;148(2):459-65. PMID: 23639361.

Jung JW, Park IH, Cho JS, et al. Naringenin inhibits extracellular matrix production via extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways in nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts. Phytother Res. 2013 Mar;27(3):463-7. PMID: 22674629.

Goldwasser J, Cohen PY, Lin W, et al. Naringenin inhibits the assembly and long-term production of infectious hepatitis C virus particles through a PPAR-mediated mechanism. J Hepatol. 2011 Nov;55(5):963-71. PMID: 21354229.

Qin L, Jin L, Lu L, et al. Naringenin reduces lung metastasis in a breast cancer resection model. Protein Cell. 2011 Jun;2(6):507-16. PMID: 21748601.

Yi LT, Li CF, Zhan X, et al. Involvement of monoaminergic system in the antidepressant-like effect of the flavonoid naringenin in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2010 Oct 1;34(7):1223-8. PMID: 20603175.

Shi Y, Dai J, Liu H, et al. Naringenin inhibits allergen-induced airway inflammation and airway responsiveness and inhibits NF-kappaB activity in a murine model of asthma. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009 Sep;87(9):729-35PMID: 19794524.

Park JH, Jin CY, Lee BK, et al. Naringenin induces apoptosis through downregulation of Akt and caspase-3 activation in human leukemia THP-1 cells. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008 Dec;46(12):3684-90. PMID: 18930780.