Background
Using synthetic biology methods, the Escherichia coli K-12 genome was reduced by making a series of planned, precise deletions. The multiple-deletion series (MDS™) strains (1), with genome reduction of up to 15%, were designed by identifying non-essential genes and sequences for elimination, including recombinogenic or mobile DNA and cryptic virulence genes, while preserving robust growth and protein production. Genome reduction also led to unanticipated beneficial properties, including high electroporation efficiency and accurate propagation of recombinant genes and plasmids that are unstable in other strains. Subsequent deletions and introduction of useful alleles produce strains suitable for many molecular biology applications. Recently, Scarab has built on the MDS™42 foundation strain, by creating the MDS™42 LowMut strain. It improves the already low mutation rate of the MDS™42 strain. The MDS™42 LowMut strain has been engineered to greatly reduce error-prone repair, which reduces the mutation rate to almost zero, even under the most stressful conditions, thus ensuring the most accurate replication of your plasmid.
Figures
Figure 1. MDS™42 LowMut has the Lowest Mutation Rate Under Stress. Mutation rates of various strains under unstressed and stressful conditions were determined. Stress conditions include overproduction of GFP, overproduction of a toxic peptide from pSG-ORF238 and treatment with mitomycin-C. All measurements were made using the cycA fluctuation assay, error bars represent 95% confidence intervals for the average of 3 independent measurements. BL21(DE3) failed to grow in the presence of 0.1 μg/ml mitomycin-C. ANOVA revealed a significance of p < 0.0001. Pairwise t-tests were conducted for each strain under a given condition compared to the corresponding MDS™42_lowmut strain. Figure 2: Non-Expressing Plasmid Mutations Accumulate rapidly in BL21(DE3), When a Toxic Methyltransferase is Overproduced. SinI methyltransferase was expressed from pSin32. Plasmids were isolated at various intervals and screened (by transformation in McrBC+ and McrBC- hosts) for mutations resulting in loss of function of the enzyme. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals for the average of 3 independent measurements of mutant plasmid ratios. ANOVA revealed a significance of p < 0.005. Pairwise t-tests of each MDS™42_lowmut_mcrBC sample were done with the corresponding MDS™42 mcrBC and BL21(DE3) mcrBC sample, respectively. Starting from 10 hours, all MDS™42_lowmut_mcrBC samples differed significantly from the MDS™42 mcrBC (p < 0.01) or BL21(DE3) mcrBC (p < 0.005) samples. Figure 3: Multiple Deletion Strains tolerate "deleterious” genes. A chimeric gene composed of VP60 of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus fused to the B subunit of cholera toxin (CTX) was very unstable in E. coli. Individually, both genes were stable in E. coli HB101, C600 and DH10B, but pCTXVP60 carrying the fusion gene in the same hosts did not produce fusion protein and was recovered in low yields. All recovered plasmids contained mutations in the CTXVP60 open reading frame, virtually all resulting from IS insertions. In contrast, the recombinant plasmid was completely stable in MDS™; normal yields of plasmid DNA were obtained. Representative restriction patterns of pCTXVP60. (A) Plasmid DNA from MDS™42 was transformed and propagated in the indicated host, then digested with NcoI and EcoRI. A representative of each restriction pattern was purified and sequenced. M, molecular weight marker, 1 kbp ladder; 1, MDS™41, no insertion; 2, MDS™42, no insertion; 3, DH10B, IS10 insertion; 4, DH10B, IS10 insertion/deletion; 5, C600, IS5 insertion; 6, C600, IS1 insertion; 7, C600, IS1 insertion. (B) Relative position of the IS element insertion sites in the CTXVP60 reading frame determined for the five examples presented. Figure 4: Plasmid stability in different host strains. Left: during four subcultures of pT-ITR, a plasmid with viral LTR segments; Lane 0, isolated plasmid DNA before subculture, lanes 1-4, successive subcultures. Plasmid DNA was digested with restriction enzymes and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. KpnI cuts the plasmid at a single site, but in MG1655 two bands indicate a deletion in the plasmid. MscI cuts at two locations, but in MG1655 a third intermediate band confirms that the plasmid is deleted. Right: Stability of four variants of a Lentiviral expression plasmid in MDS™42 ΔrecA and Stbl3™ (Life Technologies), showing the proportion of transformants containing intact plasmids (Table 2 BioTechniques 43:466-470 (October 2007))(2).
Specifications
Kit Components MDS™42 LowMut Electrocompetent Cell Kit pUC19 Control DNA (10 pg/µl) SOC Medium Genotypes MG1655 multiple-deletion strain (1) ΔdinB ΔpolB ΔumuDC (2). Quality Control Transformation efficiency is tested using pUC19 Control DNA, in duplicate. Transformed cells are plated onto LB plates containing 50 µg/ml carbenicillin. Transformation efficiency is > 5 x 109 cfu/µg DNA. Storage Conditions Store components at –80°C. Do not store cells in liquid nitrogen.
Related Products
White Glove IS Detection Kit
Support
Product Manuals MDS™42 LowMut Electrocompetent Cell Kit Papers
- Pósfai G, et al., (2006) Emergent properties of reduced-genome Escherichia coli. Science 312:1044-6.
- Csörgő et al. (2012) Low-Mutation-Rate, Reduced-Genome Escherichia coli an Improved Host for Faithful Maintenance of Engineered Genetic Constructs Microbial Cell Factories, 11:11.
- Chacko S. Chakiath, CS & Esposito, D (2007): Improved recombinational stability of lentiviral expression vectors using reduced-genome Escherichia coli. BioTechniques 43:466-470.
Patents & Disclaimers
Products are sold for non-commercial use only, under Scarab Genomics limited use label license: Limited Label Use.Scarab is providing you with this Material subject to the non-transferable right to use the subject amount of the Material for your research at your academic institution. The Recipient agrees not to sell or otherwise transfer this Material, or anything derived or produced from the Material to a third party. NO RIGHTS ARE PROVIDED TO USE THE MATERIAL OR ANYTHING DERIVED OR PRODUCED FROM THE MATERIAL FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES. If the Recipient makes any changes to the chromosome of the Material that results in an invention in breach of this limited license, then Scarab will have a worldwide, exclusive, royalty-free license to such invention whether patentable or not. If the Recipient is not willing to accept the terms of this limited license, Scarab is willing to accept return of this product with a full refund, minus shipping and handling costs. For information on obtaining a license to this Material for purposes other than research, please contact Scarab’s Licensing Department. Scarab Genomics’ technology is covered by U.S. Pat. No. 6,989,265 and related foreign applications. Clean Genome® is a registered trademark of Scarab Genomics, LLC.
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各位大神你们好:
我们是医疗器械工厂,只需配制环境监测和水检测的培养基,但是根据2015版药典规定,1105,141页有一句
而在9203,289页
“商品化的成品培养基除了应附有处方和使用说明外,还应注明有效期、贮藏条件、适用性检查试验的质控菌和用途”。
是否可以理解为只要供应商提供以上信息,使用厂家就可以不用做培养基适用性试验了?
如果购买的商品化的成品培养基不做培养基适用性试验,那么医疗器械的微生物检验将大大减少工作量了。
大家好,我是一个质粒小菜鸟,最近遇到个奇怪的事情,希望大家帮忙看看,究竟出了什么问题。
我构建了一个氨苄抗性的质粒,这个质粒在固体培养基里长出了单菌落,但是我挑菌在液体培养基里无法扩增出来。固体培养基和液体培养基一起配置的,氨苄浓度一致,唯一不同的是固体培养基里加入了琼脂。为了防止是氨苄的问题,我把这个固体培养基上的菌落挑划了新的板,依然能长出菌落。而同一次配置的液体培养基,也能扩增其他质粒,所以我实在想不出是什么其他问题,希望大家帮帮忙。
用于酵母繁殖和筛选的培养基
SD是含有盐类、微量元素、维生素、氮源(不含氨基酸的酵母氮碱)和葡萄糖的合成基本培养基。
注意:氮源(不含氨基酸的酵母氮碱)是这种培养基用于筛选的关键,LB,YPD这种复合培养基因为用到了酵母提取物,蛋白胨,基本是氮源全营养的,肯定是不能用来做氮源筛选的
(一)按成分不同划分
1、天然 培养基 (complex medium) 这类培养基含有化学成分还不清楚或化学成分不恒定的天然有机物,也称非化学限定培养基(chemically undefined medium)。牛肉膏蛋白胨培养基和麦芽汁培养基就属于此类。基因克隆技术中常用的LB(Luria—Bertani)培养基也是一种天然培养基,其组成见表5.9。
牛肉浸膏、蛋白胨及酵母浸膏的来源及主要成分
营养物质 牛肉浸膏
来 源 瘦牛肉组织浸出汁浓缩而成的膏状物质
主要成分 富含水溶性糖类、有机氮化合物、维生素、盐等
营养物质 蛋白胨
来 源 将肉、酪素或明胶用酸或蛋白酶水解后干燥而成
主要成分 富含有机氮化合物、也含有一些维生素和糖类的粉末状物质
营养物质 酵母浸膏
来 源 酵母细胞的水溶性提取物浓缩而成的膏状物质
主要成分 富含B类维生素,也含有有机氮化合物和糖类
常用的天然有机营养物质包括牛肉浸膏、蛋白胨、酵母浸膏(表5.10)、豆芽汁、玉米粉、土壤浸液、麸皮、牛奶、血清、稻草浸汁、羽毛浸汁、胡萝卜汁、椰子汁等,嗜粪微生物(coprophilous microorganisms)可以利用粪水作为营养物质。天然培养基成本较低,除在实验室经常使用外,也适于用来进行工业上大规模的微生物发酵生产。
2、合成培养基(synthic medium)是由化学成分完全了解的物质配制而成的培养基,也称化学限定培养基(chemically defined medium),高氏I号培养基和查氏培养基就属于此种类型。配制合成培养基时重复性强,但与天然培养基相比其成本较高,微生物在其中生长速度较慢,一般适于在实验室用来进行有关微 生物营养需求、代谢、分类鉴定、生物量测定、菌种选育及遗传分析等方面的研究工作。
(二)根据物理状态划分
根据培养基中凝固剂的有无及含量的多少,可将培养基划分为固体培养基、半固体培养基和液体培养基三种类型。
1、固体培养基(so1id medium)
在液体培养基中加入一定量凝固剂,使其成为固体状态即为固体培养基。理想的凝固剂应具备以下条件:①不被所培养的微生物分解利用;②在微生物生长的温度范围内保持固体状态,在培养嗜热细菌时,由于高温容易引起培养基液化,通常在培养基中适当增加凝固剂来解决这一问题;③凝固剂凝固点温度不能太低,否则将不利于微生物的生长;④凝固剂对所培养的微生物无毒害作用;⑤凝固剂在灭菌过程中不会被破坏;⑥透明度好,粘着力强;⑦配制方便且价格低廉。常用的凝固剂有琼脂(agar)、明胶(gelatain)和硅胶(silica gel)。表5.11列出琼脂和明胶的一些主要特征。
对绝大多数微生物而言,琼脂是最理想的凝固剂,琼脂是由藻类(海产石花菜)中提取的一种高度分支的复杂多糖;明胶是由胶原蛋白制备得到的产物,是最早用来作为凝固剂的物质,但由于其凝固点太低,而且某些细菌和许多真菌产生的非特异性胞外蛋白酶以及梭菌产生的特异性胶原酶都能液化明胶,目前已较少作为凝固剂;硅胶是由无机的硅酸钠(Na2SO3)及硅酸钾(K2SiO3)被盐酸及硫酸中和时凝聚而成的胶体,它不含有机物,适合配制分离与培养自养型微生物的培养基。
琼脂,学名琼胶,英文名(agar),又名洋菜(agar-agar)、海东菜、冻粉、琼胶、石花胶、燕菜精、洋粉、寒天、大菜丝,是植物胶的一种,常用海产的麒麟菜、石花菜、江蓠等制成,为无色、无固定形状的固体,溶于热水。在食品工业中应用广泛,亦常用作细菌培养基。为什么叫琼脂,主要是用海南的麒麟菜或石花菜制作出来的。海南的简称就是琼。琼脂特性:琼脂的最有用特性是它的凝点和熔点之间的温度相差很大。它在水中需加热至95℃时才开始熔化,熔化后的溶液温度需降到40℃时才开始凝固,所以它是配制固体培养基的最好凝固剂。用琼脂配制的固体培养基,可用以进行高温培养而不熔化,在凝固之前接种时,也不致将培养物烫死。因此,琼脂是制备各种生物培养基中应用最广泛的一种凝固剂。琼脂的浓度,通常是液体培养基的1~1.5%。向左转|向右转
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