TheD-GlucosaminetestkitisahighpurityreagentforthemeasurementandanalysisofD-glucosamineinneutraceutical/foodproducts.Suitableformanual,auto-analyserandmicroplateformats.Glucosamineinhibitsdecidualizationofhumanendometrialstromalcellsanddecreaseslittersizesinmice.Tsai,J.H.,Schulte,M.,O"Neill,K.,Chi,M.M.Y.,Frolova,A.I.&Moley,K.H.(2013).BIOLOGyofReproduction,89(1),16,1-10.LinktoArticleReadAbstractEmbryoimplantationintheuterusdependsondecidualizationoftheendometrialstromalcells(ESCs),andglucoseutilizationviathepentosephosphatepathwayiscriticalinthisprocess.Wehypothesizedthattheaminosugarglucosaminemayblockthepentosephosphatepathwayviainhibitionoftherate-limitingenzymeglucose-6-phosphatedehydrogenaseinESCsandthereforeimpairdecidualizationandembryoimplantation,thuspreventingpregnancy.BothhumanprimaryandimmortalizedESCsweredecidualizedinvitrointhepresenceof0,2.5,or5mMglucosaminefor9days.ViABIlityassaysdemonstratedthatglucosaminewaswelltoleratedbyhumanESCs.ExposureofhumanESCstoglucosamineresultedinsignificantdecreasesintheactivityandexpressionofglucose-6-phosphatedehydrogenaseandinthemRNAexpressionofthedecidualMarkersprolactin,somatostatin,interleukin-15,andleft-rightdeterminationfactor2.InmouseESCs,expressionofthedecidualmarkerPrpdecreaseduponadditionofglucosamine.Incomparisonwithcontrolmice,glucosamine-treatedmiceshowedweakartificialdeciduomaformationalongthestimulateduterinehorn.Inacomplementaryinvivoexperiment,a60-day-releaseglucosamine(15,150,or1500μg)orplacebopelletwasimplantedinasingleuterinehornofmice.Micewithaglucosaminepelletdeliveredfewerlivepupsperlitterthanthosewithacontrolpellet,andpupnumberreturnedtonormalaftertheendofthepellet-activeperiod.Inconclusion,glucosamineisanonhormonalinhibitorofdecidualizationofbothhumanandmouseESCsandofpregnancyinmice.Ourdataindicatethepotentialfordevelopmentofglucosamineasanovel,reversIBLe,nonhormonalcontraceptive.CuticlehydrolysisinfourmedicallyimportantflyspeciesbyenzymesoftheentomopathogenicfungusConidioboluscoronatus.Boguś,M.I.,Włóka,E.,Wrońska,A.,Kaczmarek,A.,Kazek,M.,Zalewska,K.,Ligeza-Zuber,M.&Gołębiowski,M.(2016).MedicalandVeterinaryEntomology,31(1),23-35.LinktoArticleReadAbstractEntomopathogenicfungiinfectinsectsviapenetrationthroughthecuticle,whichvariesremarkablyinchemicalcompositionacrossspeciesandlifestages.Fungalinfectioninvolvestheproductionofenzymesthathydrolysecuticularproteins,chitinandlipids.Hostspecificityisassociatedwithfungus–cuticleinteractionsrelatedtosubstrateutilizationandresistancetohost-specificinhibitors.ThesoilfungusConidioboluscoronatus(Constantin)(Entomophthorales:Ancylistaceae)showsvirulenceagainstsusceptiblespecies.ThelarvaeandpupaeofCalliphoravicina(Robineau-Desvoidy)(Diptera:Calliphoridae),Calliphoravomitoria(Linnaeus),Luciliasericata(Meigen)(Diptera:Calliphoridae)andMuscadomestica(Linnaeus)(Diptera:Muscidae)areresistant,butadultsexposedtoC. coronatusquicklyperish.Funguswascultivatedfor3 weeksinaminimalmedium.Cell-freefiltrate,forwhichactivityofelastase,N-acetylglucosaminidase,chitobiosidaseandlipasewasdetermined,wasusedforinvitrohydrolysisofthecuticlefromlarvae,pupariaandadults.Amountsofaminoacids,N-glucosamineandfattyacidsreleasedweremeasuredafter8 hofincubation.Theeffectivenessoffungalenzymeswascorrelatedwithconcentrationsofcompoundsdetectedinthecuticlesoftestedinsects.Positivecorrelationssuggestcompoundsusedbythefungusasnutrients,whereasnegativecorrelationsmayindicatecompoundsresponsibleforinsectresistance.Adultdeathsresultfromtheingestionofconidiaorfungalexcretions.ExtractionofGlycosaminoglycansContainingGlucosamineandChondroitinSulfatefromChickenClawCartilage.Widyaningsih,T.D.,Rukmi,W.D.,Sofia,E.,Wijayanti,S.D.,Wijayanti,N.,Ersalia,R.,Rochmawati,N.&Nangin,D.(2016).ResearchJournalofLifeScience,3(3),181-189.LinktoArticleReadAbstractChickencartilage(claw)isawasteofchickencutswhicharewidelyavailableinIndonesia.Cartilagepartofchickenclawbecomesapotentialsourceofchondroitinsulfate(CS)andglucosamine(GS).ThisstudyaimstodeterminethemostoptimalextractionmethodsofCSandGSfromcartilageofchickenclaw.Varioustypesofextractionmethodsusedinthisstudyaretakenfromtheextractionbyusingboilingwater(2and2.5hours),aceticacid(7and17hours),aswellasproteolysisbypapain(24and48hours).ParametersobservedincludechemicalcharacteristicsofpowderedcartilageofchickenclawaswellasCSandGSlevelsinpowderedcartilageofchickenclawextract.TheresultsofthisresearchshowthatthelevelsofCSandGSofchickenclawcartilagepowderwere2.17%and13%.Meanwhile,thehighestGSlevelwasobtainedfromtheextractionwithwatertreatmentfor2.5hourswhichwas8.1%.ThetreatmentanddurationofextractionwillsignificantlyaffectthenumberofGSwhichwasproduced.ThehighestcontentofCSwasobtainedfromtheextractionwiththeenzymetreatmentfor48hourswhichwas2.47%.Thebesttreatmentistheextractionwithwatertreatmentfor2.5hourswhichweretheextractswithGSlevelsof8.1%and2.03%CSwasselectedthroughtheanalysisofmultipleattribute.UV-methodforthedeterminationofD-Glucosamine,D-GlucosaminesulphateandN-AcetylGlucosamineinfoodsupplements,foodstuffs,beveragesandothermaterialsPrinciple:                   (desulphation)(1)Glucosaminesulphate→D-glucosamine+sulphate                  (deacetylation)(2)N-AcetylGlucosamine→D-glucosamine+acetate                  (hexokinase)(3)D-Glucosamine+ATP→D-glucosamine-6-P+ATP          (glucosamine6-phosphatedeaminase)(4)D-Glucosamine-6-P+H2O→ D-fructose-6-P+NH4+  (phosphoglucoseisomerase)(5) F-6-P      →      G-6-P   (glucose-6-phosphatedehydrogenase)(6)G-6-P+NADP+→gluconate-6-phosphate+NADPH+H+Kitsize:                          *50assays(manual)/500(microplate)                                          /500(auto-analyser)* Thenumberofmanualtestsperkitcanbedoubledifallvolumesarehalved. ThiscanbereADIlyaccommodatedusingtheMegaQuantTM WaveSpectrophotometer(D-MQWAVE).Method:                          Spectrophotometricat340nmReactiontime:                  ~8minDetectionlimit:                1.33mg/LApplicationexamples:Foodsupplements,foodproductsandbeveragesMethodrecognition:   NovelmethodAdvantagesNovelproductwithsimpleformat Allreagentsstablefor>2yearsafterpreparation AllenzymessuppliedasstablesUSPensions Veryrapidreaction Mega-Calc™softwaretoolisavailablefromourwebsiteforhassle-freerawdataprocessing Standardincluded Suitableformanual,microplateandauto-analyserformats

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