TheLactose/Galactose(Rapid)testkitisusedfor therapidtestoflactose,D-galactoseandL-arABInoseinfoodandplantproducts.GalactosedehydrogenasecanbeusedthemeasurementandanalysisofbothD-galactoseandL-arabinose.Suitablefortheanalysisoflactosein“low-lactose”or“lactose-free”sampleswhichcontainhighlevelsofmonosaccharides. ThereagentsprovidedinthiskitarealsosuitableforusewithAOACmethod2006.06–Lactoseinmilk.LactosefermentationbyKombucha–aprocesstoobtainnewmilk–basedbeverages.Iličić,M.,Kanurić,K.,Milanović,S.,Lončar,E.,Djurić,M.&Malbaša,R.(2012).RomanianBiotechnologicalLetters,17(1),7013-7021.LinktoArticleReadAbstractThispaperfocusesonfermentationoflactosefromamodelsystem(blacktea)andfromtwotypesofmilk(0.9%w/wand2.2%w/woffat)byapplicationofKombucha.QuantitiesoftheappliedKombuchastarterwere10%v/vand15%v/v.Allfermentationswereperformedat42°C.TheprocesstoachieveadesirablepH=4.5wasslowerinthemodelsystem(16h)thaninmilks(9-10h).Regardingstarterquantity,10%v/vprovedtheoptimal.Regardingtypesofmilk,higherfatcontentguaranteesshorterfermentationandhigheryieldofmetabolites.Utilizationoflactosewasfoundatalevelof≈20%and≈30%inmilkswith0.9%w/wand2.2%w/woffat,respectively.Thiswascorrelatedwithanappearanceofintermediatesand/orproducts.Glucoseunderwentfurthertransformationsalmostentirely,whilegalactoseshowedmuchlowerreactivity.Seventotwelvetimeshighercontentsoflacticacidwerefoundcomparedtoaceticacid.Milk-basedbeveragefromthereducedfatsample,inoculatedwith10%v/vofKombuchastarter,hasthebestphysicalcharacteristics(syneresisandwaterholdingcapacity).Italsodevelopedagoodtexture(especiallycohesivenessandindexofviscosity).Milklactosefermentationwasaprocessthatcouldhavebeenusedforobtainingnewmilk-basedproducts.Theeffectoftransglutaminaseonrheologyandtextureoffermentedmilkproducts.Iličić,M.D.,Milanović,S.D.,Carić,M.Ð.,Vukić,V.R.,Kanurić,K.G.,Ranogajec,M.I.&Hrnjez,D.V.(2013).JournalofTextureStudies,44(2),160-168.LinktoArticleReadAbstractTheaimofthisstudywastoinvestigatetheeffectoftransglutaminase(TG)additiononrheologicalproperties,texturalcharacteristicsandmicrostructureoffermentedmilkproductsmanufacturedbydifferentstarters(probioticsandkombuchainoculum).Rheologicalanalysisrevealedthatallmanufacturedfermentedmilkproductshadhigherstoragemodulusthanlossmodulusandexhibitedthixotropicandatypicalshearthinningbehavior.TheadditionofTGinmilkincreasedapproximately10.5%hysteresislooparea,39%firmnessand48%consistencyinsampleproducedwithprobioticstarterandhadmorefirmandstablegelstructurethankombuchafermentedmilkproducts.ThescanningelectronmicroscopymicrographsshowedthatcaseinmatrixoffermentedmilkproductscontainingTGiscontinuousanduninterruptedexceptforvoidspacesoccupiedbymilkserumandstarterculturecell.Molecularcharacterizationandsolutionpropertiesofenzymaticallytailoredarabinoxylans.Pitkänen,L.,Tuomainen,P.,Virkki,L.&Tenkanen,M.(2011).InternationalJournalofBIOLOGicalMacromolecules,49(5),963-969.LinktoArticleReadAbstractTwoα-L-arabinofuranosidaseswithdifferentsubstratespecificitieswereusedtomodifythearabinose-to-xyloseratioofcerealarabinoxylans:oneenzyme(AXH-m)removedtheL-arabinofuranosylsubstituentsfromthemonosubstitutedxylopyranosylresiduesandtheother(AXH-d3)the(1→3)-linkedL-arabinofuranosylunitsfromthedisubstitutedxylopyranosylresidue.Inthisstudy,wenoticedthatnotonlythearabinose-to-xyloseratiobutalsothepositionofthearabinofuranosylsubstituentsaffectsthewater-solubilityofarabinoxylans.TheAXH-d3treatmenthadnosignificanteffectonthesolutionconformationofarabinoxylans,butthedensityofthearabinoxylanmoleculesdecreasedinDMSOsolutionafterAXH-mmodification.ThepossIBLeheterogeneityofarabinoxylanscomplicatedtheinterpretationofdatadescribingthemacromolecularpropertiesoftheenzymaticallymodifiedsamples.Analysisofthearabinoxylanarabinofuranohydrolasegenefamilyinbarleydoesnotsupporttheirinvolvementintheremodellingofendospermcellwallsduringdevelopment.Laidlaw,H.K.,Lahnstein,J.,Burton,R.A.,Fincher,G.B.&Jobling,S.A.(2012).JournalofExperimentalBotany,63(8),3031-3045.LinktoArticleReadAbstractArabinoxylanarabinofuranohydrolases(AXAHs)arefamilyGH51enzymesthathavebeenimplicatedintheremovalofarabinofuranosylresiduesfromthe(1,4)-β-xylanbackboneofheteroxylans.FivegenesencodingbarleyAXAHsrangeinsizefrom4.6kbto7.1kbandeachcontains16introns.ThebarleyHvAXAHgenesmaptochromosomes2H,4H,and5H.AsmallclusterofthreeHvAXAHgenesislocatedonchromosome4Handthereisevidenceforgeneduplicationandthepresenceofpseudogenesinbarley.TheCDNAscorrespondingtobarleyandwheatAXAHgeneswerecloned,andtranscriptlevelsofthegeneswereprofiledacrossarangeoftissuesatdifferentdevelopmentalstages.TwoHvAXAHcDNAsthatweresuccessfullyexpressedinNicotianabenthamianaleavesexhibitedsimilaractivitiesagainst4-nitrophenylα-L-arabinofuranoside,butHvAXAH2activitywassignificantlyhigheragainstwheatflourarabinoxylan,comparedwithHvAXAH1.HvAXAH2alsodisplayedactivityagainst(1,5)-α-L-arabinopentaoseanddebranchedarabinan.Westernblottingwithananti-HvAXAHantibodywasusedtodefinefurtherthelocationsoftheAXAHenzymesindevelopingbarleygrain,wherehighlevelsweredetectedintheouterlayersofthegrainbutlittleornoproteinwasdetectedintheendosperm.Thechromosomallocationsofthegenesdonotcorrespondtoanypreviouslyidentifiedgenomicregionsshowntoinfluenceheteroxylanstructure.ThedataarethereforeconsistentwitharoleforAXAHindepolymerizingarabinoxylansinmaternaltissuesduringgraindevelopment,butdonotprovidecompellingevidenceforaroleinremodellingarabinoxylansduringendospermorcoleoptiledevelopmentinbarleyaspreviouslyproposed.Bacterialnanocellulose‐reinforcedarabinoxylanfilms.Stevanic,J.S.,Joly,C.,Mikkonen,K.S.,Pirkkalainen,K.,Serimaa,R.,Rémond,C.,Toriz,G.,Gatenholm,P.,Tenkanen,M.&Salmén,L.(2011).JournalofAppliedpolymerscience,122(2),1030-1039.LinktoArticleReadAbstractThereisanincreasinginterestinsubstitutingtoday"sfilmsforfoodpackagingapplicationswithfilmsbasedonrenewableresources.Forthispurpose,ryearabinoxylans,unmodifiedandenzymaticallydebranched,werestudiedforthepreparationofneatfilmsandcompositefilmsreinforcedwithbacterialcellulose(BC).Mixinginahomogenizerproducedopticallytransparent,uniformfilms.Physicalandmechanicalcharacteristicsofsuchfilmsareherereported.Debranchingofthearabinoxylancausedanincreaseinitscrystallinityof20%.DebranchingaswellasreinforcementwithBCresultedinadecreaseofthemoisturesorptionofthefilms.ThedebranchingalsoresultedinareducedbreakingstrainwhilethereinforcementwithBCincreasedstiffnessandstrengthofthefilms.InnovativeCaciocavallocheesesmadefromamixtureofcowmilkwitheweorgoatmilk.Niro,S.,Fratianni,A.,Tremonte,P.,Sorrentino,E.,Tipaldi,L.,Panfili,G.&Coppola,R.(2014).JournalofDairyScience,97(3),1296-1304.LinktoArticleReadAbstractThisstudyassessedandcomparedthephysicochemical,microbiological,andsensorialcharacteristicsofCaciocavallocheeses,madefromcowmilkandamixtureofcowwitheweorgoatmilk,duringripening.Differentcheese-makingtrialswerecarriedoutonanindustrialscalefollowingthestandardprocedureofpastafilatacheeses,withsomemodifications.Thepercentageofthedifferentaddedmilktocowmilkinfluencedcompositionalandnutritionalcharacteristicsoftheinnovativeproducts,leADIngtoasatisfactorymicrobiologicalandsensorialquality.Simultaneousuptakeoflignocellulose‐basedmonosaccharidesbyEscherichiacoli.Jarmander,J.,Hallström,B.M.&Larsson,G.(2014).BiotechnologyandBioengineering,111(6),1108-1115.LinktoArticleReadAbstractLignocellulosicwasteisanaturallyabundantbiomassandisthereforeanattractivematerialtouseinsecondgenerationbiorefineries.Microbialgrowthonthemonosaccharidespresentinhydrolyzedlignocelluloseishoweverassociatedwithseveralobstacleswhereofoneisthelackofsimultaneousuptakeofthesugars.WehavestudiedtheaerobicgrowthofEscherichiacolionD-glucose,D-xylose,andL-arabinoseandforsimultaneousuptaketooccur,boththecarboncataboliterepressionmechanism(CCR)andtheAraCrepressionofxyloseuptakeandmetabolismhadtoberemoved.ThestrainAF1000isaMC4100derivativethatisonlyabletoassimilatearabinoseafteraconsiderablelagphase,whichisunsuitableforcommercialproduction.ThisstrainwassuccessfullyadaptedtogrowthonL-arabinoseandthisledtosimultaneousuptakeofarabinoseandxyloseinadiauxicgrowthmodefollowingglucoseconsumption.Inthisstrain,adeletioninthephosphoenolpyruvate:phosphotransferasesystem(PTS)forglucoseuptake,theptsGmutation,wasintroduced.Theresultingstrain,PPA652arasimultaneouslyconsumedallthreemonosaccharidesatamaximumspecificgrowthrateof0.59 h-1,55%higherthanfortheptsGmutantalone.Also,noresidualsugarwaspresentinthecultivationmedium.ThepotentialofPPA652araisfurtheracknowledgedbytheperformanceofAF1000duringfed-batchprocessingonamixtureofD-glucose,D-xylose,andL-arabinose.Theconclusionisthatwithouttheremovalofbothlayersofcarbonuptakecontrol,thisprocessresultsinaccumulationofpentosesandleadstoareductionofthespecificgrowthrateby30%.Galactosecanbeaninducerforproductionoftherapeuticproteinsbyauto-inductionusingE.coliBL21strains.Xu,J.,Banerjee,A.,Pan,S.H.&Li,Z.J.(2012).ProteinExpressionandPurification,83(1),30-36.LinktoArticleReadAbstractRecentlylactosemediatedauto-inductioninEscherichiacolihasgainedalotofinterestbecausehigherproteintitercouldbeachievedwithouttheneedtomonitorgrowthandaddinduceratthepropertime.Inthisstudyahighleveltherapeuticproteinproductionbyauto-inductionwasobservedinE.coliBL21usingeitherT7ortacpromotersinthemodifiedLuriaBertani(mLB)mediumcontainingsoypeptoneinsteadoftryptoneinLuriaBertani(LB)medium.Basedonmediumanalysisandspikingexperimentsitwasfoundthat0.4mMgalactosefromthesoypeptonecausedtheauto-induction.E.coliculturesinducedbygalactosecansaturateatconsiderablyhigherdensitythanculturesinducedbyIPTG.GalactoseisnotconsumedbyE.coliBL21.Finallyithasbeendemonstratedthatauto-inductioncanbeeffectivelyusedinfed-batchfermentationfortheindustrialproductionofatherapeuticprotein.Theprincipleofgalactosemediatedauto-inductionshouldbeabletoapplytohighthroughputmicroplates,shakeflasksandfed-batchfermentorsforclonescreeningandtherapeuticproteinexpressioninE.coligal-strainssuchasmostcommonlyusedBL21.Productionofan18%proteinliquidmicellarcaseinconcentratewithalongrefrigeratedshelflife.Amelia,I.&Barbano,D.M.(2013).JournalofDairyScience,96(5),3340-3349.LinktoArticleReadAbstractOurobjectivewastodevelopaprocesstoproduceahigh-concentrationliquidmicellarcaseinconcentrate(18%protein,MCC18)withalongrefrigeratedshelflife.TheMCC18isanovelmilkproteiningredientproducedbyfractionatingskimmilkusingMICROFILtration(MF).Toachievealongrefrigeratedshelflife,theprocessingofMCC18wasdesignedtomaximizetheremovaloflow-molecularweightcompounds[e.g.,lactoseandnonproteinnitrogen(NPN)]thatcanbeeasilymetabolizedbymicrobes,whileminimizingthemicrobialcountinthefinalproduct.TheproductionofMCC18wasdoneoveraperiodof5d.Theexperimentwasreplicated3timesindifferentweekswithadifferentbatchofrawmilk.Rawwholemilkwaspasteurizedandseparatedtoproduceskimmilk.Skimmilkwasultrafiltered(UF)toremovemorethanhalfofthelactoseandNPN.TheUFmilkretentatewasdilutedwithwaterandthenMFin3stagestoremoveapproximately95%oftheserumproteinandfurtherremovelactoseandNPN.TheretentatefromthelaststageofMFwasUFtoconcentratetheproteinto18%andbatchpasteurized.TheMCC18wascollectedimmediatelyafterprocessinginsterileplasticvialsandstoredat4°C.TheaverageMCC18contained21.78%totalsolids,18.27%trueprotein,0.31%NPN,and0.13%lactose.TheMCC18atthedayofprocessingcontainedameanaerobicbacterialcountof2.1logcfu/mLandmeanaerobicsporecountof2.3logcfu/mL.TheMCC18formedasolidgelattemperatures22°C.Thisprovidesauniqueopportunityiningredienthandlingandpackagingandeliminatesthechallengesencounteredinreconstitutionofdriedmilkproteiningredients.TheMCC18producedinthisstudymaintainedabacteriacountProductionofbioethanolfromeffluentsofthedairyindustrybyKluyveromycesmarxianus.Zoppellari,F.&Bardi,L.(2013).NewBiotechnology,30(6),607-613.LinktoArticleReadAbstractWheyandscottaareeffluentscomingfromcheeseandricottaprocessingrespectively.Wheycontainsminerals,lipids,lactoseandproteins;scottacontainsmainlylactose.Wheycanbereusedinseveralways,suchasproteinextractionoranimalfeeding,whilenowadaysscottaisjustconsideredasawaste;moreover,duetoveryhighvolumesofwheyproducedintheworld,itposesseriousenvironmentalanddisposalproblems.Alternativedestinationsoftheseeffluents,suchasbiotechnologicaltransformations,canbeawaytoreachbothgoalsofimprovingtheaddedvalueoftheagroindustrialprocessesandreducingtheirenvironmentalimpact.Inthisworkweinvestigatedthewaytoproducebioethanolfromlactoseofwheyandscottaandtooptimizethefermentationyields.Kluyveromycesmarxianusvar.marxianuswaschosenaslactose-fermentingyeast.Batch,aerobicandanaerobic,fermentationsandsemicontinuousfermentationsindispersedphaseandinpackedbedreactorwerecarriedoutofrowwhey,scottaandmix1:1whey:scottaatalaboratoryscale.Differenttemperatures(28–40°C)werealsotestedtocheckwhethertheThermotoleranceofthechosenyeastcouldbeusefultoimprovetheethanolyield.Thebestperformanceswerereachedatlowtemperatures(28°C);hightemperaturesarealsocompatiblewithgoodethanolyieldsinwheyfermentations,butnotinscottafermentations.Semicontinuousfermentationsindispersedphasegavethebestfermentationperformances,particularlywithscotta.Thenbotheffluentscanbeconsideredsuitableforethanolproduction.Thegoodyieldsobtainedfromscottaallowustotransformthiswasteinasource.NovelCombinationofPrebioticsGalacto-OligosaccharidesandInulin-InhibitedAberrantCryptFociFormationandBioMarkersofColonCancerinWistarRats.Qamar,T.R.,Syed,F.,Nasir,M.,Rehman,H.,Zahid,M.N.,Liu,R.H.&Iqbal,S.(2016).Nutrients,8(8),465.LinktoArticleReadAbstractTheselectivityandbeneficialeffectsofprebioticsaremainlydependentoncompositionandglycosidiclinkageamongmonosaccharideunits.Thisisthefirststudytouseprebioticgalacto-oligosaccharides(GOS)thatcontainsβ-1,6andβ-1,3glycosidiclinkagesandthenovelcombinationofGOSandinulinincancerprevention.TheobjectiveofthepresentstudyistoexploretheroleofnovelGOSandinulinagainstvariousbiomarkersofcolorectalcancer(CRC)andtheincidenceofaberrantcryptfoci(ACF)ina1,2-dimethylhydrazinedihydrochloride(DMH)-inducedrodentmodel.PrebiotictreatmentsofcombinedGOSandinulin(57mgeach),aswellasindividualdoses(GOS:76–151mg;inulin114mg),weregiventoDMH-treatedanimalsfor16weeks.OurdatarevealthesignificantpreventiveeffectoftheGOSandinulincombinationagainstthedevelopmentofCRC.ItwasobservedthatinhibitionofACFformation(55.8%)wassignificantly(p ≤0.05)higherusingtheGOSandinulincombinationthanGOS(41.4%)andinulin(51.2%)treatmentsalone.Thiscombinationalsorenderedbetterresultsonshort-chainfattyacids(SCFA)andbacterialenzymaticactivities.Dose-dependenteffectsofprebiotictreatmentswerealsoobservedoncecumandfecalbacterialenzymesandonSCFA.Thus,thisstudydemonstratedthatnovelcombinationofGOSandinulinexhibitedstrongerpreventiveactivitythantheirindividualtreatmentsalone,andcanbeapromisingstrategyforCRCchemoprevention.14-3-3γregulateslipopolysaccharide-inducedinflammatoryresponsesandlactationindairycowmammaryepithelialcellsbyinhibitingNF-κBandMAPKsandup-regulatingmTORsignaling.Liu,L.,Lin,Y.,Liu,L.,Bian,Y.,Zhang,L.,Gao,X.&Li,Q.(2015).InternationalJournalofMolecularSciences,16(7),16622-16641.LinktoArticleReadAbstractAsaprotectivefactorforlipopolysaccharide(LPS)-inducedinjury,14-3-3γhasbeenthesubjectofrecentresearch.Nevertheless,whether14-3-3γcanregulatelactationindairycowmammaryepithelialcells(DCMECs)inducedbyLPSremainsunknown.Here,theanti-inflammatoryeffectandlactationregulatingabilityof14-3-3γinLPS-inducedDCMECsareinvestigatedforthefirsttime,andthemolecularmechanismsresponsiblefortheireffectsareexplored.TheresultsofqRT-PCRshowedthat14-3-3γoverexpressionsignificantlyinhibitedthemRNAexpressionoftumornecrosisfactor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6),interleukin-1Β(IL-1β)andinduciblenitricoxidesynthase(iNOS).Enzyme-linkedimmunosorbentassay(ELISA)analysisrevealedthat14-3-3γoverexpressionalsosuppressedtheproductionofTNF-αandIL-6incellculturesupernatants.Meanwhile,CASY-TTAnalyserSystemshowedthat14-3-3γoverexpressionclearlyincreasedtheviabilityandproliferationofcells.Theresultsofkitmethodsandwesternblotanalysisshowedthat14-3-3γoverexpressionpromotedthesecretionoftriglyceridesandlactoseandthesynthesisofβ-casein.Furthermore,theexpressionofgenesrelevanttonuclearfactor-κB(NF-κB)andmitogen-activatedproteinkinase(MAPKs)andlactation-associatedproteinswereassessedbywesternblot,andtheresultssuggestedthat14-3-3γoverexpressioninactivatedtheNF-κBandMAPKsignalingpathwaysbydown-regulatingextracellularsignalregulatedproteinkinase(ERK),p38mitogen-activatedproteinkinase(p38MAPK)andinhibitorofNF-κB(IκB)phosphorylationlevels,aswellasbyinhibitingNF-κBtranslocation.Meanwhile,14-3-3γoverexpressionenhancedtheexpressionlevelsofΒ-casein,mammaliantargetofrapamycin(mTOR),ribosomalproteinS6kinase1(S6K1),serine/threonineproteinkinaseAkt1(AKT1),sterolregulatoryelementbindingprotein1(SREBP1)andperoxisomeproliferator-activatedreceptorgamma(PPARγ).Theseresultssuggestthat14-3-3γwasabletoattenuatetheLPS-inducedinflammatoryresponsesandpromoteproliferationandlactationinLPS-inducedDCMECsbyinhibitingtheactivationoftheNF-κBandMAPKsignalingpathwaysandup-regulatingmTORsignalingpathwaystoprotectagainstLPS-inducedinjury.Productionofimpureprebioticgalacto-oligosaccharidesandtheireffectoncalcium,magnesium,ironandzincabsorptioninSprague-Dawleyrats.Maawia,K.,Iqbal,S.,Qamar,T.R.,Rafiq,P.,Ullah,A.&Ahmad,M.(2016).PharmaNutrition,4(4),154-160.LinktoArticleReadAbstractPrebioticgalacto-oligosaccharides(GOS)areimportant“functionalfoods”ofcurrentscenarioandusedforvarioushealthbenefitsincludingimprovedmineralabsorption.Inthepresentstudy,itwashypothesizedthatnovelGOSmixture,producedthroughtransgalactosylation,withsignificantamountofmonoanddisaccharidesmayenhancemineralabsorptioninSprague-Dawleyrats.Thenon-purifiedGOShavingβ-(1 → 6)andβ-(1 → 3)glycosidiclinkage,wereevaluatedforapparentabsorptionofcalcium,magnesium,ironandzinc.Theratsweredividedintotwomaingroups(n = 12pergroup,6male/6female)fedoncontrolandGOS(5 g/100 g)diet.Thefeceswerecollectedafter7 daysintervalfor28 days.Theweightgain,feedandwaterintakewerestatisticallysimilar(p EpigeneticregulationofmiR‐29saffectsthelactationactivityofdairycowmammaryepithelialcells.Bian,Y.,Lei,Y.,Wang,C.,Wang,J.,Wang,L.,Liu,L.,Liu,L.,.Gao,X.&Li,Q.(2015).JournalofCellularPhysiology,230(9),2152-2163.LinktoArticleReadAbstractMilkisimportantforhumannutrition,andenhancedmilkqualityhasbecomeamajorselectioncriterionforthegeneticimprovementoflivestock.Epigeneticmodificationshavebeenshowntobeinvolvedinmammaryglanddevelopment;butthemechanismsunderlyingtheireffectsremainunknown.MicroRNAsareinvolvedintheregulationofmilksynthesisandinmammaryglanddevelopment.OurstudyisthefirsttoinvestigatetherolesofmiR-29sandepigeneticregulationindairycowmammaryepithelialcells(DCMECs).OurresultsshowthatmiR-29sregulatetheDNAmethylationlevelbyinverselytargetingbothDNMT3AandDNMT3BinDCMECs.TheinhibitionofmiR-29scausedglobalDNAhypermethylationandincreasedthemethylationlevelsofthepromotersofimportantlactation-relatedgenes,includingcaseinalphas1(CSN1S1),E74-likefactor5(ElF5),peroxisomeproliferator-activatedreceptorgamma(PPARγ),sterolregulatoryelementbindingprotein-1(SREBP1),andglucosetransporter1(GLUT1).TheinhibitionofmiR-29sreducedthesecretionoflactoprotein,triglycerides(TG)andlactosebyDCMECs.Moreover,thetreatmentofDCMECswith5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine(5-Aza-dC)decreasedthemethylationlevelsofthemiR-29bpromoterandincreasedtheexpressionofmiR-29b.ThelinkbetweenmiR-29sandDNMT3A/3BenhancesourunderstandingoftherolesofmiRNAsinmammaryglandfunction,andourdatawillinformmoreexperimentallyorientedstudiestoidentifynewmechanismsofregulatinglactation.Wepresentnewinsightsregardingtheepigeneticregulationoflactationperformance.Improvedunderstandingofthemolecularbasisoflactationwillaidinthedevelopmentofstrategiesforoptimizingmilkqualityindairycowsandmodifyingthelactationperformanceofoffspring.BistabilityandNonmonotonicInductionofthelacOperonintheNaturalLactoseUptakeSystem.Zander,D.,Samaga,D.,Straube,R.&Bettenbrock,K.(2017).BiophysicalJournal,112(9),1984-1996.LinktoArticleReadAbstractTheEscherichiacolilacoperonisregulatedbyapositivefeedbackloopwhosepotentialtogenerateanall-or-noneresponseinsinglecellshasbeenaparadigmforbistablegeneexpression.However,sofarbistablelacinductionhasonlybeenobservedusinggratuitousinducers,raisingthequestionaboutthebiologicalrelevanceofbistablelacinductioninthenaturalsettingwithlactoseastheinducer.Infact,theexistingexperimentalevidencepointstoagradedratherthananall-or-noneresponseinthenaturallactoseuptakesystem.Incontrast,predictionsbasedoncomputationalmodelsofthelactoseuptakepathwayremaincontroversial.Althoughsomeargueinfavorofbistability,othersargueagainstit.Here,wereinvestigate lac operonexpressioninsinglecellsusingacombinedexperimental/modelingapproach.Tothisend,weparameterizeawell-supportedmathematicalmodelusingtransientmeasurementsofLacZactivityuponinductionwithdifferentamountsoflactose.Theresultingmodelpredictsamonostableinductioncurveforthewild-typesystem,butindicatesthatoverexpressionoftheLacIrepressorwoulddrivethesystemintothebistableregime.Bothpredictionswereconfirmedexperimentallysupportingtheviewthatthewild-typelacinductioncircuitgeneratesagradedresponseratherthanbistability.Moreinterestingly,wefindthatthelacinductioncurveexhibitsapronouncedmaximumatintermediatelactoseconcentrations.Supportedbyourdata,amodel-basedanalysissuggeststhatthenonmonotonicresponseresultsfromsaturationoftheLacIrepressoratlowinducerconcentrationsanddilutionofLacenzymesduetoanincreasedgrowthratebeyondthesaturationpoint.WespeculatethattheobservedmaximuminthelacexpressionlevelhelpstosavecellularresourcesbylimitingLacenzymeexpressionathighinducerconcentrations.Effectofcalciumreductiononthepropertiesofhalf-fatCheddar-stylecheeseswithfull-saltorhalf-salt.McCarthy,C.M.,Wilkinson,M.G.&Guinee,T.P.(2017).InternationalDairyJournal,73,38-49.LinktoArticleReadAbstractStandard-calcium(SCa)andreduced-calcium(RCa)half-fat(16%)Cheddar-stylecheeseswithfull-salt(1.9%)orhalf-salt(0.9%)weremadeintriplicate,ripenedfor270d,andanalysedforcompositionandchangesinlactosemetabolism,pH,proteolysis,water-sorption,fracturepropertiesandheat-inducedflowabilityduringmaturation.Thepressingloadappliedtothemouldedcheesewasmodifiedtoensureequalmoistureinallcheesesdespitethedifferencesinsaltandcalciumlevels.TheRCacheeseswerecharacterizedbyhigherprimaryproteolysis(αs1-caseindegradation,pH4.6-solubleNdevelopment),lowersecondaryproteolysis(concentrationoffreeaminoacids),higherwater-holdingcapacityonreducingrelativehumidityfrom85to5%,lowerfracturestressandstrain,andmoreextensiveflowonheating.Overall,theusecalciumreduction,whenusedinconjunctionwithmoisturenormalization,provedaneffectivemeansofcounteractingtheadverseeffectsoffatreductionontextureandcookingpropertiesinhalf-fat,half-saltcheese.AnnexinA2PositivelyRegulatesMilkSynthesisandProliferationofBovineMammaryEpithelialCellsthroughthemTORSignalingPathway.Zhang,M.,Chen,D.,Zhen,Z.,Ao,J.,Yuan,X.&Gao,X.(2017).JournalofCellularPhysiology,InPress.LinktoArticleReadAbstractAnnexinA2(AnxA2)hasbeenshowntoplaymultiplerolesingrowth,developmentandmetabolism,butthefunctionsofAnxA2andthesignalingpathwaysassociatedwithAnxA2arestillnotfullyunderstood.Inthisstudy,weaimtorevealwhetherandhowAnxA2couldbeinvolvedinmilksynthesisandproliferationofbovinemammaryepithelialcells(BMECs).Usinggenefunctionstudyapproaches,wefoundthatAnxA2positivelyregulatesPIP3level,phosphorylationofmTORandproteinlevelsofSREBP-1candCyclinD1leadingtomilksynthesisandcellproliferation.WefurtherobservedthatbothAnxA2-36kDphosphorylatedformandAnxA2-33kDproteincouldbeinducedfromAnxA2-36kDproteininBMECsundermethionine,leucine,estrogenorprolactinstimulation.TheseaboveresultsstronglydemonstratethatAnxA2functionsasacriticalregulatorforaminoacidorhormone-inducedmilksynthesisandcellproliferationviathePI3K-mTOR-SREBP-1c/CyclinD1signalingpathway.EvolutionoffreeaminoacidsduringripeningofCaciocavallocheesesmadewithdifferentmilks.Niro,S.,Succi,M.,Tremonte,P.,Sorrentino,E.,Coppola,R.,Panfili,G.&Fratianni,A.(2017).JournalofDairyScience,InPress.LinktoArticleReadAbstractTheevolutionoffreeaminoacids(FAA)inCaciocavallocheeses,madewithcowmilk(CC)andcowmilkmixedwithewe(CE)andgoat(CG)milk,wasstudiedthroughoutripening.InallCaciocavallocheesesproduced,thetotalfreeaminoacid(TFAA)contentincreasedduringripening.Ingeneral,thehighestTFAAcontentwasfoundincowcheeses,andthelowestinCGcheeses,whereasCEcheesesrangedoveranintermediatelevel.Inalltheanalyzedsamples,duringripening,thecontentoftheindividualFAAincreasedwiththeexceptionofarginine.TyrosineandhistidinewerefoundonlyinCEsamplesfromthemiddletotheendofripening.ThemajorFAAfoundthroughoutthewholeripeningperiod,inalltypesofcheese,wereleucine,phenylalanine,lysine,valine,asparagine,γ-aminobutyricacid,andornithine.TheTFAAandseveralAAshowedsignificantdifferencesinripeningtime,whereastyrosineandhistidineshowedsignificantdifferencesinkindsofmilk.UV-methodforthedeterminationofLactoseandD-Galactoseinfoodstuffs,beveragesandothermaterialsPrinciple:          (β-galactosidase)(1)Lactose+H2O→D-galactose+D-glucose      (galactosemutarotase)(2)α-D-Galactose↔β-D-galactose          (β-galactosedehydrogenase)(3)β-D-Galactose+NAD+→D-galactonicacid+NADH+H+Kitsize:  * 115assays* Thenumberofmanualtestsperkitcanbedoubledifallvolumesarehalved. ThiscanbereadilyaccommodatedusingtheMegaQuantTM WaveSpectrophotometer(D-MQWAVE).Method:                          Spectrophotometricat340nmReactiontime:                 ~15minDetectionlimit:                2.96mg/L(lactose)Applicationexamples:Milk,dairyproducts(e.g.cream,milk/wheypowder,cheese,condensedmilkandyogurt),foodscontainingmilk(e.g.dieteticfoods,bakeryproducts,babyfood,chocolate,sweetsandice-cream),foodadditives,feed,cosmetics,pharmaceuticalsandothermaterials(e.g.biologicalcultures,samples,etc.)Methodrecognition:   MethodsbasedonthisprinciplehavebeenacceptedbyAOAC2006.06,NBN,DIN,GOSTandIDFAdvantagesVeryrapidreactionduetoinclusionofgalactosemutarotase(patentedtechnologyPCT/IE2004/00170) Verycompetitiveprice(costpertest) Allreagentsstablefor>2yearsafterpreparation Mega-Calc™softwaretoolisavailablefromourwebsiteforhassle-freerawdataprocessing Standardincluded

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