TheLactuloseAssayKitissuitablefor thespecific,rapidandsensitivemeasurementandanalysisoflactuloseinmilkandmilk-basedsamples.ReagentsincludedinthiskitmayalsobepreparedforuseintheproceduredescribedbyISOMethod11285:2004.Invitroandinvivoprotectiveeffectsoffermentedpreparationsofdietaryherbsagainstlipopolysaccharideinsult.Bose,S.,Song,M.Y.,Nam,J.K.,Lee,M.J.&Kim,H.(2012).FoodChemistry,134(2),758-765.LinktoArticleReadAbstractLipopolysaccharide(LPS)isknowntoproduceendotoxicshockbytriggeringsystemicinflammatoryresponses.Here,weevaluatedtheprotectiveeffectsofthreefermented/re-fermentedherbs,RhizomaAtractylodisMacrocephalae,MassaMedicataFermentata,andDolichorisSemen,inanLPS-mediatedinflammatoryinsult,eitherindividuallyinvitrousingRAW264.7cellsorincombinationininvivousingrats.Ingeneral,eachofthefermentedherbsshowedappreciableinvitroanti-inflammatoryactivity,althoughthedegreeofthisactivityvariedwiththeherbused.Moreover,amixtureoffermentedherbalextractsincombinationwithprobioticssignificantlyattenuatedthebloodendotoxinandCRPlevels,aswellasthegutpermeABIlity,andsignificantlyaugmentedtheintestinalLactobacillusspp.colonisationinLPS-treatedrats.However,theseeffectswerenotobservedfollowingtheadmiNISTrationofthecorrespondingmixtureofunfermentedherbalextracts.Thus,ourresultshighlightthebeneficialimpactsoftheuseoffermentedherbproductswithprobioticstocombatLPS-mediatedinflammatoryinsults.Theeffectofintestinalpermeabilityandendotoxemiaontheprognosisofacutepancreatitis.Koh,Y.Y.,Jeon,W.K.,Cho,Y.K.,Kim,H.J.,Chung,W.G.,Chon,C.U.,Oh,T.Y.&Shin,J.H.(2012).GutandLiver,6(4),505-511.LinktoArticleReadAbstractBackground/Aims:Earlyintestinalmucosaldamageplaysanimportantroleinsevereacutepancreatitis(AP).Previousstudieshaveshownthatintestinalpermeability(IP),serumendotoxinandcytokinescontributetotheearlyintestinalbarrierdysfunctioninAP.ThisstudyexploredthepredictivecapacityofIP,endotoxemiaandcytokinesasprognosticindicatorsinAPpatients.Methods:Eighty-sevenAPpatientswereincludedinthestudy.ThepatientswereclassifiedintothreegroupsaccordingtotheBalthazarcomputedtomographyseverityindex(CTSI).Wecomparedthebiochemicalparameters,includingIP,serumendotoxinlevelandcytokinelevelamongthethreegroups.TheassociationsofIPwithserumendotoxin,cytokines,CTSI,andotherwidelyusedbiochemicalparametersandscoringsystemswerealsoexamined.Results:IP,serumendotoxin,interleukin(IL-6)andtumornecrosisfactor(TNF)-αhadapositivecorrelationwiththeCTSIofAP.Endotoxin,IL-6,TNF-α,CTSI,theRanson/APACHEIIscore,thedurationofhospitalstay,complicationsanddeathsignificantlyaffectIPintheAPpatients.Conclusions:WebelievethatIPwithsubsidiarymeasurementsofserumendotoxin,IL-6andTNF-αmaybereliableMarkersforpredictingtheprognosisofAP.FurtherstudiesthatcanrestoreandpreservegutbarrierfunctioninAPpatientsarewarranted.Assessmentofgastrointestinalpermeabilitybylactulosetestinsheepafterrepeatedindomethacintreatment.Minuti,A.,Ahmed,S.,Trevisi,E.,Piccioli-Cappelli,F.,Bertoni,G.&Bani,P.(2013).JournalofAnimalScience,91(12),5646-5653.LinktoArticleReadAbstractTheaimofthestudywastoassessthesmallintestinepermeabilitybyusinglactuloseasasugarprobeandbloodmetabolitesinsheepafterachallengewithrepeatedindomethacininjections.Accordingtoachangeoverdesign,7adultsheep(4malesand3females)weresubjectedto4intramuscularinjections(every12h)ofsaline[control(CRT);7animals]orindomethacin(INDO;7animals).Twohoursafterthelastinjection,30goflactulosewereadministeredorallytobothCTRandINDO.Bloodsampleswerecollecteddailyfortheanalysisofthemetabolicprofileand5sampleswerecollectedat2-hintervalsfollowinglactuloseingestiontomonitorchangesinbloodlevelsoflactuloseasanindexofintestinalpermeability.TheINDOchallengeinducedclinicalsymptomssuchaslackofappetite,dullness,weakness,depression,anddiarrheawithtracesofbloodinthefeces.InINDOgroup,haptoglobinandceruloplasminincreased(PPPPPPPEvaluationoftheinvitroandinvivoprotectiveeffectsofunfermentedandfermentedRhizomacoptidisformulationsagainstlipopolysaccharideinsult.Bose,S.,Jeon,S.,Eom,T.,Song,M.Y.&Kim,H.(2012).FoodChemistry,135(2),452-459.LinktoArticleReadAbstractLipopolysaccharide(LPS)canproduceendotoxicshockbytriggeringthesystemicinflammatoryresponse.Here,weevaluatedtheinvitroandinvivoprotectiveeffectsofunfermentedandfermentedRhizomacoptidis(RCandFRC,respectively)againstLPS-insult.Ingeneral,RCsuppressedtheLPS-inducedexpressionofkeyinflammatorymediatorsinRAW264.7cells,inadose-dependentmanner.Notably,FRCata20μg/mldoseincombinationwiththeprobioticusedforfermentationshowedmorepotentinvitroanti-inflammatoryactivitiesthanthatexhibitedbythecorrespondingdoseofRC.Moreover,oraltreatmentwithFRCinassociationwiththeprobiotic,butnotoraladministrationofRC,significantlyattenuatedbloodendotoxinandC-reactiveprotein(CRP)levels,andgutpermeability,andsignificantlyaugmentedtheintestinalpopulationofBifodobacteriumspp.andLactobacillusspp.inLPS-treatedanimals.OurresultsdemonstratethebeneficialimpactoffermentedRCincombinationwiththeassociatedprobioticincombatingLPS-insultbothinvitroandinvivo.Theeffectsofco-administrationofprobioticswithherbalmedicineonobesity,metabolicendotoxemiaanddySBIosis:Arandomizeddouble-blindcontrolledclinicaltrial.Lee,S.J.,Bose,S.,Seo,J.G.,Chung,W.S.,Lim,C.Y.&Kim,H.(2013).ClinicalNutrition,33(6),973-981.LinktoArticleReadAbstractBackgrounds&aims:Probioticshelpmaintainbalanceincompositionofthegutmicrobiota,andhavebeenconsideredasapotentialtreatmentforobesity.Thisstudywasconductedinordertoassesstheeffectsofprobioticswhencombinedwithherbalmedicineintreatmentofobesity.Probioticsweretestedfortheabilitytomodulategutmicrobiota,gutpermeability,andendotoxinlevel,whichmayhavecorrelationwithfactorsinvolvedinobesity.Methods:Arandomized,double-blind,placebocontrolledstudywasconducted,inwhichpatientswithhigherBMI(>25kg/m2)andwaistcircumference(>85cm)wereenrolledandrandomlyassignedtoreceiveBofutsushosanwitheitherprobioticsorplacebocapsulesforaperiodofeightweeks.Assessmentofbodycompositionparameters,metabolicbiomarkers,endotoxinlevel,gutpermeability,andfecalbacteriainstoolwasperformedatbaselineandatweek8.ThestudywasregisteredattheClinicalResearchInformationService,approvedbytheKoreaNationalInstituteofHealth(KCT0000386).Results:Althoughbothgroupsshowedasignificantreductioninweightandwaistcircumference(p=0.000),nosignificantdifferencesinbodycompositionandmetabolicmarkerswereobserved.Incorrelationanalysis,changeinbodycompositionshowedpositivecorrelationwithendotoxinlevel(r=0.441,pr=0.350,pLactobacillusplantarum(r=0.425,pr=0.407,pr=0.359,and0.393,fortheformerandlaterparameters,respectively,pBifidobacteriumbrevepopulationshowednegativecorrelationwithendotoxinlevel(r=−0.350,pConclusions:Correlationsbetweengutmicrobiotaandchangeinbodycompositionindicatethatprobioticsmayinfluenceenergymetabolisminobesity.Correlationbetweenendotoxinlevelandweightreductionindicatesthatprobioticsmayplayanimportantroleinpreventionofendotoxinproduction,whichcanleadtogutmicrobiotadysbiosisassociatedwithobesity.FlosLoniceraAmelioratesObesityandAssociatedEndotoxemiainRatsthroughModulationofGutPermeabilityandIntestinalMicrobiota.Wang,J.H.,Bose,S.,Kim,G.C.,Hong,S.U.,Kim,J.H.,Kim,J.E.&Kim,H.(2014).PloSone,9(1),e86117.LinktoArticleReadAbstractBackgroundandAims:Increasingevidencehasindicatedacloseassociationofhost-gutflorametabolicinteractionwithobesity.FlosLonicera,atrADItionalherbalmedicine,isusedwidelyineasternAsiaforthetreatmentofvariousdisorders.TheaimofthisstudywastoevaluatewhetherunfermentedorfermentedformulationsofFlosLoniceracouldexertabeneficialimpacttocombatobesityandrelatedmetabolicendotoxemia.Methods:Obesityandmetabolicendotoxemiawereinducedseparatelyortogetherinratsthroughfeedingaeight-weekhighfatdieteitheralone(HFDcontrolgroup)orincombinationwithasingleLPSstimulation(intraperitonealinjection,0.75mg/kg)(LPScontrolgroup).While,themechanismofactionoftheLoniceraformulationswasexploredinvitrousingRAW264.7andHCT116celllinesasmodels.Results:Incell-basedstudies,treatmentwithbothunfermentedFlosLonicera(UFL)andfermentedFlosLonicera(FFL)formulationsresultedinsuppressionofLPS-inducedNOproductionandgeneexpressionofvitalproinflammatorycytokines(TNF-α,COX-2,andIL-6)inRAW264.7cells,reducedthegeneexpressionofzonulaoccludens(ZO)-1andclaudin-1,andnormalizedtransepithelialelectricresistance(TEER)andhorseradishperoxidase(HRP)fluxinLPS-treatedHCT-116cells.Inananimalstudy,treatmentofHFDaswellasHFD+LPSgroupswithUFLorFFLresultedinanotabledecreaseinbodyandadiposetissueweights,amelioratedtotalcholesterol,HDL,triglyceride,aspartatetransaminaseandendotoxinlevelsinserum,reducedtheurinarylactulose/mannitolratio,andmarkedlyalleviatedlipidaccumulationinliver.Inaddition,exposureofHFDaswellasHFD+LPSgroupswithUFLorFFLresultedinsignificantalterationofthedistributionofintestinalflora,especiallyaffectingthepopulationofAkkermansiaspp.andratioofBacteroidetesandFirmicutes.Conclusion:ThisevidencecollectivelydemonstratesthatFlosLoniceraamelioratesobesityandrelatedmetabolicendotoxemiaviaregulatingdistributionofgutfloraandgutpermeability.HepatoprotectiveeffectofLentinusedodesmyceliafermentedformulationagainstalcoholicliverinjuryinrats.Chung,W.S.,Wang,J.H.,Bose,S.,Park,J.M.,Park,S.O.,Lee,S.J.,Jeon,S.&Kim,H.(2015).JournalofFoodBiochemistry,39(3),251-262.LinktoArticleReadAbstractThehepatoprotectiveeffectsoffermentedblackricebranextracts(FF1andFF2:blackricebranfermentedbyLentinusedodesderivedfrommyceliumsupplementedwithsoybeanor Hoveniadulcis)andtheirassociatedmechanismswereevaluated.Inaninvitroexperiment,FFscausedsignificantameliorationofthemetabolicfunctionofrathepatocytestreatedwith NH4Cl.Inaddition,administrationofFFstoratswithchronicliverinjuryinducedby12-weekcontinualalcoholconsumptionresultedinsignificantrestorationofbodyweightshrinkage,notableattenuationofexcessiveaspartateaminotransferase,alkalinephosphataseandendotoxininserum,malondialdehydeinliverandthelactulose/mannitolratioinurine.FurThermore,FF1orFF2alsocausedsignificantdownregulationofgeneexpressionofseveralcriticalinflammatorymediators(interleukin-6,tumornecrosisfactor-alpha,cyclooxygenase-2andinducIBLenitricoxidesynthase).HistopathologicalfindingsalsoindicatedthatFFsreducedinflammation,necrosisandfattyinfiltrationinlivertissue.Takentogether,FFsexerthepatoprotectiveeffectsthroughanti-inflammatoryandanti-lipidperoxidativepropertiesandregulationofintestinalpermeability.Evaluationoffurosine,lactuloseandacid-solubleβ-lactoglobulinastimetemperatureintegratorsforwhippingcreamsamplesatretailinAustria.Boitz,L.I.&Mayer,H.K.(2015).InternationalDairyJournal,50,24-31.LinktoArticleReadAbstractThreeheatloadindicators,i.e.,furosine,lactuloseandacid-solubleβ-lactoglobulin,weredeterminedinwhippingcreamsamplespurchasedfromAustrianmarket(n = 33),aswellascommercialsamplesobtaineddirectlyfromoneAustriandairycompany(onebrand,n= 25).Furosinecontentswere47.8 ± 14.0,72.2 ± 36.6,and172.5 ± 17.7 mg 100 g−1protein,andβ-lactoglobulincontentswere143 ± 91,195 ± 150,and89 ± 31 mg L−1forretailedpasteurised,extendedshelflife(ESL),andultra-hightemperature(UHT)creamsamples,respectively.Lactuloseconcentrations(analysedenzymatically)were29 ± 10,56 ± 41,and201 ± 24 mg L−1forpasteurised,ESLandUHTcreamsamples,respectively.Linearcorrelationobtainedforfurosineandlactuloseconcentrationsindicatedthattheseindicatorscanreliablyassesstheheatloadofpasteurised,ESLandUHTcreamsamples,whereasβ-lactoglobulinwasdefinitelynotappropriatetodiscriminatebetweentheseheatingcategories.UV-methodforthedeterminationofLactuloseinmilkandfoodstuffscontainingdairyproductsPrinciple:           (β-galactosidase)(1)Lactulose+H2O→D-galactose+D-fructose      (glucoseoxidase+catalase+H2O2)(2)D-Glucose+H2O+O2→D-gluconicacid+H2O2              (hexokinase)(3)D-Fructose+ATP→F-6-P+ADP  (phosphoglucoseisomerase)(4)F-6-P     →      G-6-P    (glucose-6-phosphatedehydrogenase)(5)G-6-P+NADP+→gluconate-6-phosphate+NADPH+H+          (gluconate-6-phosphatedehydrogenase)(6)Gluconate-6-phosphate+NADP+→ribulose-5-phosphate+NADPH                                              +CO2+H+Kitsize:                          50assaysMethod:                          Spectrophotometricat340nmReactiontime:                 ~120minDetectionlimit:                4.8mg/LApplicationexamples:Milk,dairyproductsandfoodscontainingmilkMethodrecognition:      NovelmethodAdvantagesTwicethesensitivityoftraditionalhexokinasebasedlactulosemethods Verycosteffective Allreagentsstablefor>2yearsafterpreparation Mega-Calc™softwaretoolisavailablefromourwebsiteforhassle-freerawdataprocessing Standardincluded

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