TheRaffinose/Sucrose/D-GlucosetestkitisforthemeasurementandanalysisofD-glucose,sucroseandraffinose,stachyoseandverbascoseinseedsandseedmeals.BasedonthemeasurementofD-glucoseonenzymichydrolysisofraffinose,stachyoseandverbascosetoD-glucose,D-fructoseandD-galactose.Measurementoftotalstarchincerealproductsbyamyloglucosidase-alpha-amylasemethod:collaborativestudy.McCleary,B.V.,Gibson,T.S.&Mugford,D.C.(1997).JournalofAOACInternational,80,571-579.LinktoArticleReadAbstractAnAmericanAssociationofCerealChemists/AOACcollaborativestudywasconductedtoevaluatetheaccuracyandreliABIlityofanenzymeassaykitprocedureformeasurementoftotalstarchinarangeofcerealgrainsandproducts.Thefloursampleisincubatedat95degreesCwithThermostablealpha-amylasetocatalyzethehydrolysisofstarchtomaltodextrins,thepHoftheslurryisadjusted,andtheslurryistreatedwithahighlypurifiedamyloglucosidasetoquantitativelyhydrolyzethedextrinstoglucose.Glucoseismeasuredwithglucoseoxidase-peroxidasereagent.Thirty-twocollaboratorsweresent16homogeneoustestsamplesas8blindduplicates.Thesesamplesincludedchickenfeedpellets,whitebread,greenpeas,high-amylosemaizestarch,whitewheatflour,wheatstarch,oatbran,andspaghetti.Allsampleswereanalyzedbythestandardprocedureasdetailedabove;4samples(high-amylosemaizestarchandwheatstarch)werealsoanalyzedbyamethodthatrequiresthesamplestobecookedfirstindimethylsulfoxide(DMSO).Relativestandarddeviationsforrepeatability(RSD(r))rangedfrom2.1to3.9%,andrelativestandarddeviationsforreproducibility(RSD(R))rangedfrom2.9to5.7%.TheRSD(R)valueforhighamylosemaizestarchanalyzedbythestandard(non-DMSO)procedurewas5.7%;thevaluewasreducedto2.9%whentheDMSOprocedurewasused,andthedeterminedstarchvaluesincreasedfrom86.9to97.2%.Measurementofcarbohydratesingrain,feedandfood.McCleary,B.V.,Charnock,S.J.,Rossiter,P.C.,O’Shea,M.F.,Power,A.M.&Lloyd,R.M.(2006).JournaloftheScienceofFoodandAgriculture,86(11),1648-1661.LinktoArticleReadAbstractProceduresforthemeasurementofstarch,starchdamage(gelatinisedstarch),resistantstarchandtheamylose/amylopectincontentofstarch,β-glucan,fructan,glucomannanandgalactosyl-sucroseoligosaccharides(raffinose,stachyoseandverbascose)inplantmaterial,animalfeedsandfoodsaredescribed.Mostofthesemethodshavebeensuccessfullysubjectedtointerlaboratoryevaluation.AllmethodsarebasedontheuseofenzymeseitherpurifiedbyconventionalchromatographyorproducedusingmolecularBIOLOGytechniques.Suchmethodsallowspecific,accurateandreliablequantificationofaparticularcomponent.Problemsincalculatingtheactualweightofgalactosyl-sucroseoligosaccharidesintestsamplesarediscussedindetail.Highhydrostaticpressureinfluencesantinutritionalfactorsandinvitroproteindigestibilityofsplitpeasandwholewhitebeans.Linsberger-Martin,G.,Weiglhofer,K.,ThiPhuong,T.P.&Berghofer,E.(2013).LWT-FoodScienceandTechnology,51(1),331-336.LinktoArticleReadAbstractLegumesareofhighnutritionalvaluebutconsumptionislowinWesterncountriesduetolongprocessingandantinutritionalfactors.Thedevelopmentofconvenienceproductscanhelptoovercometheseconstraints.Thepresentstudyinvestigatedtheeffectofhighhydrostaticpressureonoligosaccharides,phyticacidandtotalphenolicacidcontent,trypsininhibitoractivityandproteindigestibilityinpeasandbeans.Oligosaccharidesweresignificantlyreducedthroughpressurisationbyupto68%inpeasand48%inbeansbutreductionwaslowerthanincookedsamples(max.82%inpeasand80%inbeans).Phyticacidwasreducedbyhighpressurebyupto36%inpeasand11%inbeans.Totalphenolicacidcontentwasreducedonlyinsomepressurisedpeasandbeansascomparedtountreatedpeasandbeans.Reductionofphyticacid(max.48%)andtotalphenolicacids(max.78%)throughcookingwasgreaterthanthroughpressurisation.Trypsininhibitoractivitydecreasedbyupto100%inpeasand84%inbeansduringpressurisation.Proteindigestibilityincreasedbyupto4.3%inpeaswhentreatedat600MPaand60°Cregardlessoftimeandby8.7%inbeanstreatedat600MPaat60°Cfor60min.Differencesinchemicalcompositionoffieldpea(Pisumsativum)cultivars:Effectsofcultivationareaandyear.Nikolopoulou,D.,Grigorakis,K.,Stasini,M.,Alexis,M.N.&IliADIs,K.(2007).FoodChemistry,103(3),847-852.LinktoArticleReadAbstractTheinfluenceofthemeteorologicalconditionsduringthecultivationyear,alongwiththesoilcharacteristicsofthecultivationarea,onnutrientandantinutrientcompositionswereevaluatedforthreefieldpea(Pisumsativum)cultivars.Allvarietieswerecultivatedinthreedifferentcultivationareasfortwosubsequentyears.Thelocationofthecultivationareasignificantlyaffectedtheproximatecomposition,sucrose,starchandnon-starchpolysaccharidecontents,aswellasthetotaltanninandphyticacidcontentsofpeas.Thecultivationyearalsoaffectedalltraitswiththeexceptionofstarch.Themajorconstituentsofthepeaseedsweresignificantlyaffectedbytheinteractionbetweenthecultivationareaandthecultivationyear.Theseresultsindicatethatthecompositionofpeasishighlydependentontheclimateconditions,aswellasonthesoilcharacteristicsofthecultivationareaduringthegrowingseason.Growth,feedutilization,healthandorganolepticcharacteristicsofEuropeanseabass(Dicentrarchuslabrax)fedextrudeddietsincludinglowandhighlevelsofthreedifferentlegumes.Adamidou,S.,Nengas,I.,Henry,M.,Grigorakis,K.,Rigos,G.,Nikolopoulou,D.,Kotzamanis,Y.,Bell,G.J.&Jauncey,K.(2009).Aquaculture,293(3-4),263-271.LinktoArticleReadAbstractThreelegumes[fieldpeas(P),chickpeas(CP)andfababeans(B)]wereevaluatedattwoinclusionlevels;170(L)and350gkg-1(H)ina14-weekexperimentwithtriplicategroupsof97.9±6.1gEuropeanseabass.Acontroldietincludedwheatmeal,fishmeal(FM)andamixtureofplantingredientsasproteinsources.Diets,processedinatwin-screwextruder,wereisonitrogenousandisoenergetic.Allexperimentaldietsimprovedgrowthcomparedtothecontrol.Weightgain,feedintake,FCRandSGRwereimprovedforfishfeddietCPL,whilefishfeddietCPHgavehigherFCR.Proteinandstarchdigestibilitywerehighestforthecontroldiet,whilefishfeddietsCPLandPLshowedsignificantlylowerproteinADCsandlowerstarchADC(P≤0.05)fordietPH.AmongHdiets,significantlybetterfilletyieldwasfoundforfishfeddietPH,butnootherdifferenceswerefoundinseabassfilletorganolepticcharacteristics.SerumglucoseandcholesterolwereelevatedinfishfedCPdiets,whileproteinandtriacylglycerolsdidnotshowsignificantdifferencesamongtreatments.Fishfedthetestdietsshowednosignificantevidenceofeitherimmunosuppressionorimmunostimulation.Histologyofliver,spleen,kidneyandforegutrevealednopathologicalabnormalities.Fieldpeas,chickpeasandfababeanscanbeincludedinEuropeanseabassdietsupto350gkg-1substitutingforwheatwithnonegativeeffectsongrowthperformance,carcasscompositionororganolepticcharacteristics.Effectsofcultivationareaandyearonproximatecompositionandantinutrientsinthreedifferentkabuli-typechickpea(Cicerarientinum)varieties.Nikolopoulou,D.,Grigorakis,K.,Stasini,M.,Alexis,M.&Iliadis,K.(2006).EuropeanFoodResearchandTechnology,223(6),737-741.LinktoArticleReadAbstractThreedifferentvarietiesofkabuli-typechickpeaswerecultivatedinthreedifferentcultivationareasandfortwoyears.Anevaluationwascarriedouttoseetheeffectofyear,ofvarietyandcultivationareaonthenutritionalvalueofchickpeasi.e.theproximatecomposition,thesugars(starch,non-starchpolysaccharides,rafinoseseriesoligosaccharidesandsucrose)andtanninsandphyticacidcontents.Thecultivationarea,thecultivationyearandtheplantvariety,aswellastheirinteractionssignificantlyaffectthecompositionandthesugarscontentsinchickpea.Highproportionofthetotalvariationforallstudiedparametersexplainedbythemaineffectsofvarietyindicatesasignificantheritabilityforthem.Cultivationareawasfoundtohaveasignificanteffectonstarchcontents,RSO,tanninsandphyticacid.Yearwasfoundtoaffectfatcontents,NSPandsucrosecontents.RainfallistheclimatecharacteristicthatmayberesponsIBLefortheseyear-dependentdifferences.Moisturedeficitstressaffectsyieldandqualityingroundnutseeds.Chakraborty,K.,Bishi,S.K.,Singh,A.L.,Kalariya,K.A.&Kumar,L.(2013).IndianJournalofPlantPhysiology,18(2),136-141.LinktoArticleReadAbstractApotstudywascarriedoutusingsixgroundnutcultivarsviz.JL286,TPG41,HNG10,GG20,CSMG84-1andGG11duringKharif2011tofindouttheinfluenceofmoisturedeficitstressonyield,seedandoilqualityandcomposition.Prolongedmoisturedeficitstressreducedpodandfodderyieldandoilcontent,whileaccumulationofraffinoselikeoligosaccharides(RFOs)increasedintheseeds.Stabilityofoil(O/Lratio)didnotaltersignificantlyduetomoisturedeficitstress.Ingeneral,theVirginiaRunnercultivarsshowedmorereductioninyieldandothernutritionalcharacters,butaccumulatedmorecompatiblesolutesintermsofRFOstocombatmoisturedeficitstress,indicatingacquisitionoftolerantcharacteristicsinthisgroupattheexpenseofyieldandnutritionalcharactersoftheseed.Differencesinfreezetoleranceofzoysiagrasses:II.Carbohydrateandprolineaccumulation.Patton,A.J.,Cunningham,S.M.,Volenec,J.J.&Reicher,Z.J.(2007).CropScience,47(5),2170-2181.LinktoArticleReadAbstractColdhardinessamongzoysiagrass(Zoysiaspp.)genotypesvaries,butthephysiologicalbasisforcoldhardinessisnotcompletelyunderstood.Theobjectiveofthisstudywastodeterminetherelationshipofcarbohydrate(starch,totalsolublesugars,totalreducingsugars,sucrose,glucose,andraffinosefamilyoligosaccharides)andprolineconcentrationswiththecoldacclimationofzoysiagrassandthelethaltemperaturekilling50%oftheplants(LT50).Thirteengenotypesofzoysiagrasswereselectedwithcontrastinglevelsofwinterhardiness.Plantsweregrownfor4wkof8/2°Cday/nightcyclesanda10-hphotoperiodof300µmolm-2s-1toinducecoldacclimation.Rhizomesandstolonsweresampledfromnonacclimatedandcold-acclimatedplantsandusedforcarbohydrateandprolineanalysis.Concentrationsofsolublesugarsandprolineincreasedduringcoldacclimation,whilestarchconcentrationsdecreased.Starch,sugar/starchratio,glucose,totalreducingsugars,andprolineincold-acclimatedplantswerecorrelated(r=0.61,−0.67,−0.73,−0.62,and−0.62,respectively)withLT50.Thesecorrelationsindicatethathigherconcentrationsoftotalreducingsugars,glucose,andprolinearepositivelyassociatedwithzoysiagrassfreezetolerance,whereashigherconcentrationsofstarchappeareddetrimentaltofreezetolerance.CharacterizationofSpanishpeanutgermplasm(ArachishypogaeaL.)forsugarprofilingandoilquality.Bishi,S.K.,Kumar,L.,Dagla,M.C.,Mahatma,M.K.,Rathnakumar,A.L.,Lalwani,H.B.&Misra,J.B.(2013).IndustrialCropsandProducts,51,46-50.LinktoArticleReadAbstractPeanutisanimportantoilseedcropoftropicalandsub-tropicalareaoftheworld.Asarichsourceofenergy,vitaminsandminerals,ithasbeenacceptedfortablepurposeassnacksindomesticandinternationalmarket.ThequalityofseedsofsixtySpanishgermplasmaccessionsofpeanutwereanalyzedfortheirglucose,sucrose,raffinosefamilyoligosaccharides(RFOs)andfattyacidprofile.Significantgenotypicdifferenceswereobservedforallthetraits.Amongthesaccharides,sucroseaccountedforthemajorfractionwithameanvalueof4.6%intherangeof2.44–7.61%;themeanvalueofRFOswas0.62%intherangeof0.17–1.56%whilethemeanvalueforglucosewas0.04%intherangeof0.01–0.11%.Themeanoilcontentwas50.3%inrangeof47.0–54.6%.Thefattyacidcompositionconsisted12.4–24.5%palmiticacid,2.1–5.3%stearicacid,40.3–51.5%oleicacidand18.7–40.6%linoleicacid.GlucosecontentwasfoundtobepositivelycorrelatedwithsucroseandnegativelycorrelatedwithRFOs.Thecorrelationbetweenoilcontentandanyofglucose,sucrose,orRFOswasnotsignificant.Amongthemajorfattyacids,anegativecorrelationbetweenoleicacidlinoleicacidwasobserved.Somegenotypeswerefoundtobesuperiorindividuallyfordifferenttraitsandfewweresuperiorformultipletraits.NRCG14436wasidentifiedforhighsucrose,lowglucoseandlowoilcontent;NRCG14470wasidentifiedforlowRFOs,lowglucoseandhighoilcontent,andhighO/Lratio;whileNRCG14404wasidentifiedforlowRFOs,lowglucoseandlowoilcontent.HighO/Lratio(>2.0)wasobservedinaccessionsNRCG14472withhighoilcontent.Thus,superioraccessionsidentifiedfordifferenttraitswouldbeusefulforpeanutbreederslookingforgermplasmcontaininghighoil,lowoil,lowRFO,highsucrose,lowglucoseandhighO/Lratio.FreezingtoleranceattributesduringspringdeacclimationforthreeasparaguscultivarswithvaryingadaptationtosouthernOntario.Panjtandoust,M.&Wolyn,D.J.(2016).JournaloftheAmericanSocietyforHorticulturalScience,141(1),22-33.LinktoArticleReadAbstractWinterhardinessinasparagus(Asparagusofficinalis)mayberelatedtopropercoldacclimationandinductionoffreezingtoleranceinthefall,levelsandmaintenanceoffreezingtoleranceinthewinter,andthetimingofdeacclimationinthespring.Prematuredeacclimationandtheinabilitytoreacclimatecouldresultincrowndamagefromspringfreeze-thawcycles.Afieldexperimentwasconducted,replicatedover2years,todeterminehowthreecultivarswithvaryingadaptationtosouthernOntariodeacclimateinthespringbyassessingLT50(thetemperatureatwhich50%ofplantsdie)andbiochemicalandphysiologicalparametersassociatedwithfreezingtolerance.‘UC157’(UC),theleast-adaptedcultivar,deacclimatedaftersoiltemperaturesroseabovefreezing;LT50valuesincreasedlinearlyovertimeandwereunaffectedbyfluctuationsinsoiltemperature.‘JerseyGiant’(JG),acultivarwithmoderateadaptation,rapidlydeacclimatedwithincreasedsoiltemperaturebutappearedtopartiallyreacclimateastemperaturesdecreased.For‘GuelphMillennium’(GM),themost-adaptedcultivar,LT50valuesdidnotchange,maintainingthegreatestlevelsoffreezingtoleranceduringthespringsamplingperiod.AlthoughLT50valuesdidnotdifferamongcultivarsonthefirstspringsamplingdate,rankingforfreezingtoleranceatthefinalsamplingineachyearwasGM>JG>UC,whichisconsistentwithadaptation.Rhizometraitsweremostassociatedwithfreezingtoleranceandincludedhighconcentrationsoflow-molecular-weightfructans(LFs),glucose,andprolineandlowpercentagewaterandsucroseconcentration.Overall,datasuggestthatthetimingofdeacclimationandlossoffreezingtoleranceinthespringmaysignificantlyaffectwinterhardiness;cultivarsthatlosefreezingtoleranceearlyandcannotreacclimatecouldsuffermostfromlatespringfreeze-thawcycles.ColourimetricmethodforthedeterminationofRaffinose(alsostachyoseandverbascose),SucroseandD-Glucoseinlegumeseeds,plantmaterials,foodstuffsandfeedPrinciple:                                 (α-galactosidase)(1)Raffinose+stachyose+verbascose+H2O→D-galactose+                                        sucrose            (invertase)(2)Sucrose+H2O→D-glucose+D-fructose                 (glucoseoxidase)(3)D-Glucose+H2O+O2→D-gluconate+H2O2                                          (peroxidase)(4)2H2O2+p-hydroxybenzoicacid+4-aminoantipyrine→                                      quinoneimine+4H2OKitsize:                        120assaysofeachperkitMethod:                         Spectrophotometricat510nmReactiontime:                 ~20minDetectionlimit:                100mg/LApplicationexamples:Analysisofgrainlegumesandothermaterialscontainingraffinose,stachyoseandverbascoseMethodrecognition:         UsedandacceptedinfoodanalysisAdvantagesVerycompetitiveprice(costpertest) Allreagentsstablefor>2yearsafterpreparation Simpleformat Rapidreaction Mega-Calc™softwaretoolisavailablefromourwebsiteforhassle-freerawdataprocessing Standardincluded

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